{"id":335,"date":"2025-08-16T19:27:45","date_gmt":"2025-08-16T23:27:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=335"},"modified":"2026-03-05T14:15:57","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T19:15:57","slug":"statutes-and-regulations","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/chapter\/statutes-and-regulations\/","title":{"raw":"Interpretation: Statutes and Regulations","rendered":"Interpretation: Statutes and Regulations"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nUpon successful completion of this chapter, learners will be able to do the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Distinguish between statutes and regulations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Outline the basic principles of statutory interpretation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"124\" data-end=\"1029\">The law shapes everyday life in more ways than we often realize (Government of Canada, 2021). Signing a lease to rent an apartment, applying for a marriage license, or driving with valid registration and insurance are all governed by legal rules. These requirements are not just technicalities\u2014they exist to protect individual rights and maintain order in society. Laws establish clear rules but also safeguard important protections, such as workplace safety, consumer rights, and fair treatment. They also create access to benefits like workers\u2019 compensation, unemployment insurance, health care, and student loans. Because laws touch nearly every aspect of daily life, understanding how statutes and regulations are interpreted is essential. Interpretation ensures that the protections and responsibilities written into law are applied fairly, consistently, and in line with their legislative purpose.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>The Relationship Between Statutes and Regulations<\/h2>\r\nStatutes and regulations are two important elements of the Alberta legal system. They are both used to guide the legal system in the fairest and procedurally correct direction.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Statutes<\/strong> establish the broad rules, while <strong>regulations<\/strong> provide the detailed procedures that make statutes workable. Regulations can only be created under the authority granted by their enabling statute.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nParliament or the Legislature creates <strong>statutes, also known as Acts<\/strong>. This legislation may create a new law or modify an existing one. While regulations are the rules that address the details and practical applications of the law, the authority to create a regulation related to a specific Act is assigned within the Act that empowers the regulation. Regulations must conform strictly to the limits that were laid out within the Act (LawCentral, n.d.).\r\n\r\n<strong>Regulations<\/strong> provide detailed procedures and rules necessary for statutes to function; this happens because Acts and regulations depend on each other to work, so creating them together ensures they align. When the legislature is proposing to authorize regulations, whoever is creating the bill must consider who has the authority to make the regulation, what matters are being dealt with in the bill, and the regulations.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Statutes<\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"115\" data-end=\"501\">Statutes, also known as Acts, are laws debated and passed by elected officials in federal and provincial legislatures (Alberta Justice, 2008). In Alberta, Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are responsible for passing statutes. These laws form the foundation of the legal system by defining rights, responsibilities, and prohibitions.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"503\" data-end=\"940\">Statutes can set out what conduct is prohibited and the penalties for breaking the law. For example, criminal statutes define specific offences and the punishments that may apply, such as fines or imprisonment (Justice Laws Website, 2025). Statutes also regulate the powers of government by clearly defining the responsibilities of agencies and officials, ensuring authority is distributed appropriately, and preventing misuse of power.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"942\" data-end=\"1233\">Within statutes, <strong data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"985\">substantive provisions<\/strong> establish the core legal rules, rights, and obligations that individuals and organizations must follow (Ervine, 2023). These differ from <strong data-start=\"1123\" data-end=\"1141\">procedural law<\/strong>, which governs how laws are enforced\u2014for instance, court procedures or evidentiary rules.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1235\" data-end=\"1276\">Examples of important statutes include:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"1277\" data-end=\"1629\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1277\" data-end=\"1418\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1279\" data-end=\"1418\">The <em data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1308\">Criminal Code <\/em>of Canada, which defines criminal offences, penalties, and trial procedures to ensure consistency across the country<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1419\" data-end=\"1629\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1421\" data-end=\"1629\">The <em data-start=\"1425\" data-end=\"1445\">Canada Labour Code<\/em>, which sets workplace rights and standards, protects employees from unsafe conditions, and is enforced through inspections and penalties by Employment and Social Development Canada<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1631\" data-end=\"2229\">Because statutes cannot anticipate every situation, courts play a crucial role in interpreting them. Judicial rulings resolve ambiguities, apply statutes to real-world cases, and shape their meaning through precedent, or \u201cjudge-made law\u201d (Ontario Justice Education Network, 2013; Macnab, 2022). Using principles such as stare decisis and legislative intent, judges clarify unclear provisions and adapt older laws to new contexts. Over time, these interpretations become part of the common law and guide how statutes are applied and enforced (University of Alberta Libraries, n.d.; Jamesju, 2025).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Regulations<\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"2353\" data-end=\"2618\">Regulations are detailed rules created under the authority of a statute to explain how the statute is applied, which govern the application or procedure of the law (Alberta Justice, 2008). For example, regulations dictate how police officers are allowed to make arrests. They set out when police can and cannot use force, when they can search individuals or property, what they must do with any evidence they come across, and more. In this specific example, the <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/8216\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Police Act<\/em>, RSA 2000, c P-17<\/a> sets a foundation for the <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56df3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Police Service Regulation<\/em>, Alta Reg 356\/1990<\/a>. Both the statute (<em>Police Act<\/em>) and the regulation (<em>Police Service Regulation<\/em>) work hand in hand to set out what is required of law enforcement officers and what steps to take if there is misconduct by law enforcement officers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Bills and Statutes: The Legislative Process<\/h2>\r\nNow that we have made the distinction between statutes and regulations, it\u2019s important to know how statutes and regulations come to pass. As discussed earlier, statutes, or laws, in Alberta are passed by Members of the Legislative Assembly, also known as MLAs. The MLAs will introduce bills that propose new laws or changes to current laws. You can review any new and proposed bills on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/new-and-proposed-legislation\">A<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/new-and-proposed-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lberta Government website<\/a>.\r\n\r\nThe legislative process for passing new laws in Alberta is outlined in <em>A Guide to the Legislative Process \u2013 Acts and Regulations<\/em> as follows:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<details><summary><strong>The First Reading<\/strong><\/summary>This stage is called the first reading. This term comes from the early British Parliament, where someone would read the entire bill aloud to the House. However, now that printing is more common, only the title of the bill is read by the clerk. The bill is then studied by Members of the House, and they decide whether they support the entire bill, oppose the entire bill, or support certain parts of the bill (Alberta Justice, 2008).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>The Second Reading<\/strong><\/summary>The next stage of this process is called the second reading. During the second reading, Members will debate the principle of the bill. During this process, the debate can sometimes become intense. It is the speaker\u2019s \u201cjob\u201d to keep things in control and still ensure that Members have a fair chance to voice their opinions. Once the second reading has concluded and Members have finished debating the bill, the Speaker calls a vote. If the Bill passes this stage, it goes to the Committee of the Whole (Alberta Justice, 2008).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>The Committee of the Whole<\/strong><\/summary>The Committee of the Whole is a special committee of all Members that is composed to deliberate on bills or other matters. They will deliberate the bill, clause by clause if needed. The Speaker of the House does not preside over this meeting; instead, they call upon another Member, or a Speaker <em>pro tempore<\/em>, meaning \u201cfor the time being\u201d to preside instead. The MLAs meet as a committee with a chair, instead of as an assembly with a speaker. Once the bill is done being debated by the Committee of the Whole, the chair will let the Speaker know if the committee has approved the bill and whether they have any proposed amendments (Alberta Justice, 2008).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>The Third Reading<\/strong><\/summary>The next stage is called the third reading, which is also the last stage of a bill\u2019s passage through the Assembly. Members will discuss, clarify, or criticize the bill one last time before the final vote occurs. This vote is done by simple majority (Alberta Justice, 2008).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Royal Assent<\/strong><\/summary>If the majority votes to pass the bill, then the bill receives royal assent from the Lieutenant Governor, passes, and is officially law. If the Bill does not pass at any of these stages, then it must be reintroduced and will not become law.\r\n\r\n<\/details>\r\n<p data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"548\">Although the public is not directly involved in drafting or passing laws, our voices are represented through our elected officials. Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are chosen by voters to represent their constituents in the law-making process. We elect MLAs based on our values and beliefs, and those MLAs vote on bills in the Legislature with the perspectives of their constituents in mind.<\/p>\r\nRegulations, on the other hand, are not passed directly by MLAs. Instead, the Legislature often delegates the power to make regulations to another body. This power is most commonly given to Cabinet (the Lieutenant Governor in Council) or to a Minister, but it may also be delegated to boards, commissions, or other authorities. Once created, regulations must be filed under the <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/569ml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Regulations Act<\/em>, RSA 2000, c R-14<\/a>. After filing, the Legislative Counsel Office publishes them in Part II of the <em data-start=\"1043\" data-end=\"1060\">Alberta Gazette<\/em> within 30 days, and once published, the regulations are binding on those they affect (Alberta Justice, 2008).\r\n<p data-start=\"1216\" data-end=\"2150\">Regulations are enforced by the government department or agency responsible for the enabling legislation. Enforcement can include inspections, administrative orders, or fines, and in some cases, prosecution. Unlike statutes, regulations are generally not enforced by police unless the regulation creates an offence tied to criminal or quasi-criminal conduct (e.g., traffic violations). For example, workplaces themselves do not enforce regulations; rather, they must comply with them. Human rights protections in the workplace, such as the right to be free from discrimination based on religion, are enforced under the <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/560xr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Alberta Human Rights Act<\/em>, RSA 2000, c A-25.5<\/a>, by the <a href=\"https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/issues-at-work\/rights-and-responsibilities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alberta Human Rights Commission<\/a>, not by individual employers. Employers must follow the law, but the Commission is responsible for investigating and enforcing compliance.<\/p>\r\nStatutes establish the foundation of the law, while regulations provide the detailed rules and procedures for for implementing and enforcing them.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Statutory Interpretation Principles<\/h2>\r\nWe know that it is important for the general public to understand statutes in order to know their rights, freedoms, and responsibilities. In Canada, all levels of courts, from provincial and territorial courts to superior courts and appellate courts, interpret and apply legislation in the cases before them.\r\n\r\nSuperior courts, defined by the Government of Alberta as \u201cthe highest level of courts in a province or territory. They deal with the most serious criminal and civil cases and have the power to review the decisions of the provincial and territorial courts,\u201d and act as the official interpreters of legal texts (Department of Justice Canada, The Judicial Structure, 2021).\r\n\r\nOne of the key doctrines in Canadian constitutional law is the principle of federal paramountcy, which holds that when a valid federal law conflicts with a valid provincial law, the federal law prevails under the division of powers set out in sections 91 and 92 of the <em data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"345\">Constitution Act, 1867<\/em> (Legislative Services Branch, 2025).\r\n\r\nBecause interpretation occurs at every level, it is important to understand how courts approach this task and what tools they use. This section will introduce two of these tools: the \u201cplain meaning\u201d rule and the golden rule.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<details><summary><strong>The Plain Meaning Rule<\/strong><\/summary>The \u201cplain meaning\u201d rule states that if legislative text is clear, courts must apply it as written without interpretation. If the text is ambiguous, courts may then use interpretive rules and techniques (Sullivan, 2021). The rule relies on the immediate first impression of a competent reader, based solely on the words themselves. A text has plain meaning when the only reasonable interpretation is the initial one; it is ambiguous if more than one reasonable interpretation exists. When a statute has plain meaning, courts are bound to apply it directly. As Sullivan (2021) explains, courts may consult non-textual evidence (such as legislative purpose or consequences) to support plain meaning, not to contradict it. For example, a court may refer to a dictionary to define an undefined term.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Elmer Driedger\u2019s Modern Principle<\/strong><\/summary>The <strong>golden rule<\/strong> allows courts to depart from the ordinary or plain meaning of words only where a literal interpretation would lead to absurd or inconsistent results. This ensures that legislation is applied reasonably without straying beyond the text itself. While the golden rule continues to influence Canadian interpretation, it has largely been subsumed within <strong>Elmer Driedger\u2019s modern principle<\/strong>, which the Supreme Court of Canada endorsed in <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/1fqwt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Rizzo &amp; Rizzo Shoes Ltd. (Re)<\/em>, 1998 CanLII 837 (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 27<\/a> at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/scc\/doc\/1998\/1998canlii837\/1998canlii837.html?resultId=3d86c41054f248f09a158ec8444e65fd&amp;searchId=2025-08-28T10:32:48:857\/80494a2e1c824b71ba6ca4345d1e8017#:~:text=Today%20there%20is%20only%20one%20principle%20or%20approach%2C%20namely%2C%20the%20words%20of%20an%20Act%20are%20to%20be%20read%20in%20their%20entire%20context%20and%20in%20their%20grammatical%20and%20ordinary%20sense%20harmoniously%20with%20the%20scheme%20of%20the%20Act%2C%20the%20object%20of%20the%20Act%2C%20and%20the%20intention%20of%20Parliament.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">para. 21<\/a>. Under this approach, legislation must be read in its entire context, in its grammatical and ordinary sense, and harmoniously with the scheme, object, and intent of the Act.\r\n\r\n<\/details>When applying the plain meaning of legislation would lead to an absurd or unintended result, the golden rule allows judges to adopt a more reasonable interpretation that reflects Parliament\u2019s intent and avoids unfair consequences. This ensures that the true purpose of the law is preserved, rather than its strict literal wording.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">These interpretations work together to guarantee that the law is applied as intended, avoid any absurd outcomes, and considers the specific goals of the legislation.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em\"><em><strong>Note<\/strong><\/em>: One of the most important aspects when reading statutes is <strong>l<\/strong><\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">egislative intent<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">.<\/span> When someone is interpreting a statute, it is important that they understand the intention that these lawmakers had when they drafted, introduced, and passed the law. Understanding their intention is helpful background information to understand what the actual text is saying. Although the preamble is not enforceable, knowing the reasons policymakers created the legislation often provides important context for interpreting the provisions and how the law is applied and enforced.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nJudges can clarify the meaning of legislation through case law, either to extend or limit the scope of the legislation, through the process of <strong>judicial consideration<\/strong>. Over time, judges\u2019 interpretations help to understand the laws and how their consideration is applied during certain situations, and this allows for the continuous evolution of case law and legislation (LibGuides: Legal Research and Writing: Case Law, n.d.). Additionally, courts have the authority to strike down parts of an act or an act as a whole; this is if it is deemed unconstitutional. This is to ensure that all legislation aligns with the Constitution\u2019s principles and that it does not violate fundamental rights and principles outlined in the Constitution (Law Society of Ontario, n.d.).\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Tracking Amendments and Updates in Legislation<\/h2>\r\nBecause statutes and regulations evolve, it is important to track amendments. Tools such as the <em>Canada Gazette<\/em>, Justice Laws Website, and <em>Alberta Gazette<\/em> provide official updates to help monitor these changes.\r\n\r\nThe following outlines tools for tracking legislative developments at both the federal and provincial levels. It is important to consider repealed or superseded legislation, with particular attention to changes to the section number, because while the statutes change over time, how they are interpreted and analyzed over time might change (Finding Alberta Legislation \u2013 Alberta Law Libraries, n.d.).\r\n\r\nThere are a few resources available to keep up to date with amendments in federal legislation:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gazette.gc.ca\/accueil-home-eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Canada<\/em><\/a><em><a href=\"https:\/\/gazette.gc.ca\/accueil-home-eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Gazette<\/a><\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.parl.ca\/legisinfo\/en\/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LEGISinfo (Parliament of Canada<\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Justice Laws Website<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lexisnexis.ca\/en-ca\/products\/legislative-pulse.page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canadian Legislative PULSE\u00ae | LexisNexis<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There are also a few resources available to keep up to date with amendments in legislation on the provincial level; we will take a closer look at those resources, including the following:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/the-alberta-gazette\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Alberta Gazette<\/a><\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/government-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bills and legislation | Government of Alberta<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Defining Legal Terminology<\/h2>\r\nLegal texts often involve complex legal terminology and phrases that are not necessarily comprehensible to the majority of people, which makes them inaccessible to the general public. It is important to break down the legal jargon so that the law is easily understood and more accessible. According to York University\u2019s (2025) <em>Canadian Federal Statutes: Terminology and Resources Guide<\/em>, there are a number of terms that are most useful when it comes to understanding Canadian legal texts.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<details><summary><strong>Statutes, also known as Acts<\/strong><\/summary>Statutes, also known as Acts, are passed by government bodies such as Parliament or a provincial legislature (LawCentral Alberta, n.d.). When statutes establish legal principles and rights, they are called substantive acts. Older statutes can be modified through amendments, known as amending acts, or nullified through repealing acts (Queen\u2019s University Library, 2025).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Regulations<\/strong><\/summary>[pb_glossary id=\"632\"]Regulations [\/pb_glossary]are legally binding rules that explain how statutes are applied in practice (LawCentral Alberta, n.d.). The authority to create regulations is granted within the Act itself. Regulations carry the full power of law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Enabling Statute<\/strong><\/summary>An [pb_glossary id=\"633\"]enabling statute[\/pb_glossary] is a law that grants authority for regulations to be created under it (Queen\u2019s University Library, 2025). It provides the legal foundation for subordinate legislation.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Subordinate Legislation<\/strong><\/summary>[pb_glossary id=\"634\"]Subordinate legislation[\/pb_glossary], also known as delegated legislation, refers to legal rules or regulations made under the authority of a statute (Kwantlen Polytechnic University Library, 2025; Queen\u2019s University Library, 2025).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Bill<\/strong><\/summary>In Canada, proposed laws begin as bills. They often originate from citizen petitions, public advocacy, or government policy proposals. A bill must go through several readings and approvals in Parliament before becoming law (Parliament of Canada, n.d.).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Enactment<\/strong><\/summary>[pb_glossary id=\"635\"]Enactment[\/pb_glossary] is the formal process by which laws are approved and put into effect (Justice Laws Website, 2025).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Legislation<\/strong><\/summary>[pb_glossary id=\"636\"]Legislation[\/pb_glossary] is a general term that is used to refer to laws, regulations, and other official rules created by government bodies (Kwantlen Polytechnic University Library, 2025).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Codified<\/strong><\/summary>[pb_glossary id=\"637\"]Codification [\/pb_glossary]refers to the process of systematically organizing and consolidating laws into a formal legal code. In Canada, laws are often codified by subject, such as the <em>Criminal Code<\/em> (Department of Justice, 2021).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Amend<\/strong><\/summary>To amend a law means to modify or update it. This can include adding, removing, or revising provisions (Legislative Services Branch, 2025).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Repeal<\/strong><\/summary>To [pb_glossary id=\"638\"]repeal[\/pb_glossary] a law means to formally revoke or nullify it, removing its legal effect.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Royal Assent<\/strong><\/summary>Royal assent is the formal approval by Alberta\u2019s Lieutenant Governor that gives a bill passed by the Legislative Assembly the force of law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Coming into Force<\/strong><\/summary>Coming into force is the date on which a law becomes enforceable. This can be the date the law receives royal assent, the date set forth in the act, or the date specified by the Governor General.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Not in Force<\/strong><\/summary>Acts that are not in force are not yet enforceable and are waiting for any rule, order, regulation, or proclamation to bring them into force.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Private Act<\/strong><\/summary>A private act is a law that is aimed at a specific individual or private institution.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Public General Act<\/strong><\/summary>A public general act is a law that is universally applicable and is permanent. These public general acts are periodically gathered, consolidated, and published as Revised Statutes. All of the laws passed in a year are gathered together and published as the annual <em>Statutes of Canada<\/em>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Annotated Statutes<\/strong><\/summary>[pb_glossary id=\"639\"]Annotated statutes[\/pb_glossary] are volumes of statutes that are accompanying commentary and case notes, written section by section of the statute, they often include relevant regulations throughout the commentary (University of Victoria, n.d.). Annotated statutes serve as a secondary resource.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Preamble<\/strong><\/summary>[pb_glossary id=\"640\"]Preamble[\/pb_glossary] provides the purpose or intent behind the law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Judicial Consideration<\/strong><\/summary>[pb_glossary id=\"641\"]Judicial consideration[\/pb_glossary] refers to what subsequent court decisions have said about a particular case. It also refers to what cases have said about statutes and sections of a statute (LibGuides: Legal Research and Writing: Judicial Treatment, n.d.).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/details><details><summary><strong>Statutory Interpretation<\/strong><\/summary>The fundamental principle of [pb_glossary id=\"642\"]statutory interpretation[\/pb_glossary] is that \u201cthe words of a statute be read in their entire context and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of the legislature\u201d (Dostal, n.d.).\r\n\r\n<\/details>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\r\nUnderstanding statutes and regulations is essential for effective legal research. Statutes provide the foundation of the law by setting out rights, duties, and prohibitions, while regulations supply the detailed rules and procedures needed to apply those laws in practice. Because statutes can be ambiguous or outdated, courts play a vital role in interpreting their meaning through precedent and principles of statutory interpretation. For paralegals and legal assistants, the ability to distinguish between statutes and regulations, track amendments, and apply interpretive tools is critical to providing accurate research, supporting legal arguments, and ensuring clients receive competent and current legal information.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Reflection Questions<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"61\" data-end=\"160\">\r\n<p data-start=\"64\" data-end=\"160\">Why is it important to distinguish between statutes and regulations when interpreting legislation?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"161\" data-end=\"279\">\r\n<p data-start=\"164\" data-end=\"279\">How do substantive provisions in statutes affect your daily life, and how are they different from procedural law?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"280\" data-end=\"414\">\r\n<p data-start=\"283\" data-end=\"414\">Think of an example where a statute might be unclear or outdated. How might a court\u2019s interpretation help resolve this ambiguity?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"715\">\r\n<p data-start=\"563\" data-end=\"715\">How does the doctrine of precedent (stare decisis) influence the interpretation of statutes, and in what ways does considering legislative intent provide additional context for applying the law?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<details open=\"open\"><summary><strong>References<\/strong><\/summary>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">The Alberta Gazette. (2025, March 31). Alberta.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/the-alberta-gazette\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/the-alberta-gazette<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">The Alberta Gazette. (2025b, March 31). Alberta.ca.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/the-alberta-gazette#:~:text=Published%20by%20the%20Alberta%20King's,by%20statute%20to%20be%20published\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/the-alberta-gazette#:~:text=Published%20by%20the%20Alberta%20King's,by%20statute%20to%20be%20published<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Alberta Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). <em>Am I in the right place<\/em>? | <a href=\"https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/complaints\/am-i-in-the-right-place\/#:~:text=The%20Commission%20gets%20its%20authority,factor%20in%20the%20adverse%20impact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/complaints\/am-i-in-the-right-place\/#:~:text=The%20Commission%20gets%20its%20authority,factor%20in%20the%20adverse%20impact<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Alberta Human Rights Commission. (n.d.).<em> What are human rights<\/em>? <a href=\"https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/what-are-human-rights\/about-human-rights\/what-are-human-rights\/#:~:text=Albertans%20who%20believe%20that%20they,which%20is%20a%20provincial%20agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/what-are-human-rights\/about-human-rights\/what-are-human-rights\/#:~:text=Albertans%20who%20believe%20that%20they,which%20is%20a%20provincial%20agency<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Alberta Human Services. (n.d.-a). <em>An employer\u2019s guide to employee rules<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/dfb69784-70f9-4341-8033-ff2532075dce\/resource\/e758efcd-4af1-4877-b4bd-4eb4cc2ef7da\/download\/employersguide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/dfb69784-70f9-4341-8033-ff2532075dce\/resource\/e758efcd-4af1-4877-b4bd-4eb4cc2ef7da\/download\/employersguide.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Alberta Justice. (2008, November). <em>A guide to the legislative process \u2013 Acts and regulations.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/523e5bc6-047a-472c-97eb-74b6ff2cfe8f\/resource\/6eb82779-eb1b-4044-8fa6-140839e86391\/download\/leg-process-manual-nov-2008.pdf\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/523e5bc6-047a-472c-97eb-74b6ff2cfe8f\/resource\/6eb82779-eb1b-4044-8fa6-140839e86391\/download\/leg-process-manual-nov-2008.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Anderson, E., &amp; Barker, S. (2015). Cinderella at the ball: Legislative intent in Canadian courts. <em>Canadian Parliamentary Review, 38<\/em>(2).\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.revparl.ca\/english\/issue.asp?param=223&amp;art=1642\" target=\"_new\">http:\/\/www.revparl.ca\/english\/issue.asp?param=223&amp;art=1642<\/a><\/p>\r\nAnnual statutes of Alberta | canlii. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/astat\/nav\/1910\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/astat\/nav\/1910\/<\/a>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Athabasca University Press. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/read.aupress.ca\/read\/legal-literacy\/section\/e464ba7e-1463-48b6-8332-c7ca469fb91f#:~:text=Cases%20that%20involve%20the%20interpretation,result%20in%20the%20particular%20case\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/read.aupress.ca\/read\/legal-literacy\/section\/e464ba7e-1463-48b6-8332-c7ca469fb91f#:~:text=Cases%20that%20involve%20the%20interpretation,result%20in%20the%20particular%20case<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blue Star Trailer Rentals Inc. v. 407 ETR Concession (2008), 239 O.A.C. 162 (CA). <em>vLex (Court of Appeal Ontario).<\/em>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.vlex.com\/vid\/blue-star-trailer-v-681175757\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/ca.vlex.com\/vid\/blue-star-trailer-v-681175757<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bills and legislation. (2025, March 31). Alberta.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/government-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/government-legislation<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bills by legislature. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.assembly.ab.ca\/assembly-business\/bills\/bills-by-legislature\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.assembly.ab.ca\/assembly-business\/bills\/bills-by-legislature<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bora Laskin Law Library. (n.d.). <em>Legal research tutorial: Step 1: Secondary sources \u2013 books.<\/em>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191105175049\/https:\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-1-secondary-sources-books\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191105175049\/https:\/\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-1-secondary-sources-books<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bora Laskin Law Library. (n.d.-b). Step 2: Primary sources of law: Canadian case law. <a href=\"https:\/\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-2-primary-sources-law-canadian-case-law-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-2-primary-sources-law-canadian-case-law-0<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canada, Service. (2024, December 9). <em>Government of Canada.<\/em> Canada.ca.\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canadian Human Rights Commission. (n.d.-b). <em>About the commission<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chrc-ccdp.gc.ca\/about-commission#:~:text=The%20Canadian%20Human%20Rights%20Commission,no%20matter%20who%20they%20are\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.chrc-ccdp.gc.ca\/about-commission#:~:text=The%20Canadian%20Human%20Rights%20Commission,no%20matter%20who%20they%20are<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canadian Human Rights Commission. (2019, June 11). Canadian Human Rights Commission. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/human-rights-commission.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/human-rights-commission.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canadian Legislative PULSE\u00ae | LexisNexis. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lexisnexis.ca\/en-ca\/products\/legislative-pulse.page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.lexisnexis.ca\/en-ca\/products\/legislative-pulse.page<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">CanLII. (n.d.). <em>What is CanLII.<\/em>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/info\/about.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/info\/about.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canlii tips and tricks. (2025). <em>CanLII \u2013 How to find case law method 1.<\/em> Courthouse Libraries.\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canlii tips and tricks. (2025). <em>CanLII \u2013 Quick reference cheat sheet.<\/em> Courthouse Libraries.\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks<\/a><\/p>\r\nCanLII: Canada (federal). (n.d.-b). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/ca<\/a>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">| citation machine. Citation Machine, a Chegg service. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.citationmachine.net\/bibliographies\/e1e8e846-fc5f-4bdd-9c7b-476ad51aae15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.citationmachine.net\/bibliographies\/e1e8e846-fc5f-4bdd-9c7b-476ad51aae15<\/a><\/p>\r\nCitation guidelines. (n.d.-c). <a href=\"https:\/\/albertacourts.ca\/kb\/resources\/citation-guidelines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/albertacourts.ca\/kb\/resources\/citation-guidelines<\/a>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Consolidated Regulations of alberta | canlii. (n.d.-b). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/regu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/regu\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Consolidated Statutes of alberta | canlii. (n.d.-b). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/stat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/stat\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46. (2024).\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/t\/7vf2\" target=\"_new\">http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/t\/7vf2<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Criminal rules of the Alberta Court of Justice. (2024, May). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.albertacourts.ca\/docs\/default-source\/pc\/rules-of-court---criminal.pdf?sfvrsn=e87e4c83_9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.albertacourts.ca\/docs\/default-source\/pc\/rules-of-court---criminal.pdf?sfvrsn=e87e4c83_9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Department of Justice. (2021, June 4). <em>The Criminal Code of Canada<\/em>. Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Electronic Communications. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/ccc\/index.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/ccc\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Department of Justice Canada. (2021, September 1). The judicial structure. About Canada\u2019s system of justice. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/just\/07.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/just\/07.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Department of Justice Canada. (2021, September 1). <em>What is the law?<\/em>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/just\/02.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/just\/02.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Department of Justice. (2024, May 10). <em>Restitution orders<\/em>. Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Electronic Communications. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/cj-jp\/victims-victimes\/factsheets-fiches\/restitution-dedommage.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/cj-jp\/victims-victimes\/factsheets-fiches\/restitution-dedommage.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Dias, L. (2017). <em>2.1 Federal and provincial jurisdiction in Canada<\/em>. <em>Introduction to Human Resource Management: First Canadian Edition<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/hrm1stcanadianedition\/chapter\/2-1federal-and-provincial-jurisdiction-in-canada\/\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/hrm1stcanadianedition\/chapter\/2-1federal-and-provincial-jurisdiction-in-canada\/<\/a><\/p>\r\nDostal, P. (n.d.). Principles of interpretation. <em>The criminal law notebook<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/criminalnotebook.ca\/index.php\/Principles_of_Interpretation#:~:text=The%20fundamental%20principle%20of%20statutory,the%20intention%20of%20the%20legislature%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/criminalnotebook.ca\/index.php\/Principles_of_Interpretation#:~:text=The%20fundamental%20principle%20of%20statutory,the%20intention%20of%20the%20legislature%22<\/a>\r\n\r\nEmond Publishing Inc. (n.d.). <em>Glossary of legal terms<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/emond.ca\/Customer-Care\/Glossary-of-legal-terms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/emond.ca\/Customer-Care\/Glossary-of-legal-terms<\/a>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Employment and Social Development. (2025, January 17). <em>Government of Canada<\/em>. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace\/federal-labour-standards.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace\/federal-labour-standards.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Environment and Climate Change Canada. (2020, March 19). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/corporate\/transparency\/briefing-materials\/corporate-book\/jurisdiction-duties-authorities.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/corporate\/transparency\/briefing-materials\/corporate-book\/jurisdiction-duties-authorities.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Environmental Law Centre. (2021, January 22). <em>The court and tribunal system in Alberta \u2013 Alberta environmental laws 101<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.albertaenvirolaws.ca\/fundamentals-of-law\/court-tribunal-system\/\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.albertaenvirolaws.ca\/fundamentals-of-law\/court-tribunal-system\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ervine, C. (2023, February 28). Substance versus procedure. <em>Business law and ethics<\/em> (Canadian ed.). <a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/buslawandethicscanada\/chapter\/substance-versus-procedure\/#:~:text=Substantive%20rules%20prescribe%20how%20to,Next:%20Public%20vs%20Private%20Law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/buslawandethicscanada\/chapter\/substance-versus-procedure\/#:~:text=Substantive%20rules%20prescribe%20how%20to,Next:%20Public%20vs%20Private%20Law<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Alberta. (2025b, March 31). <em>Bills and legislation<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/government-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/government-legislation<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Alberta. (2025). <em>Employment standards \u2013 rules<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/alberta-employment-standards-rules\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/alberta-employment-standards-rules<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Alberta. (2025). <em>Family law legislation<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/family-law-legislation\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/family-law-legislation<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada. (2021, October 5). <em>The federation at a glance<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/intergovernmental-affairs\/services\/federation\/distribution-legislative-powers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/intergovernmental-affairs\/services\/federation\/distribution-legislative-powers.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Electronic Communications. (2022b, August 29). Legistics - cross references. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/rp-pr\/csj-sjc\/legis-redact\/legistics\/p2p1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/rp-pr\/csj-sjc\/legis-redact\/legistics\/p2p1.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Canada Gazette. (2023, June 2). About the Canada Gazette - Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/gazette.gc.ca\/cg-gc\/lm-sp-eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/gazette.gc.ca\/cg-gc\/lm-sp-eng.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada. (2023, October 10). <em>About Canada\u2019s health care system<\/em>. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/canada-health-care-system.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/canada-health-care-system.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada, P. S. and P. C. (2025, March 28). Government of Canada. www.gazette.gc.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/gazette.gc.ca\/accueil-home-eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/gazette.gc.ca\/accueil-home-eng.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Grammarly. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/app.grammarly.com\/ddocs\/2779556523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/app.grammarly.com\/ddocs\/2779556523<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Highline College Library. (2025). <em>Introduction to law: Primary and secondary legal sources<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/library.highline.edu\/c.php?g=344547&amp;p=2320319\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/library.highline.edu\/c.php?g=344547&amp;p=2320319<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Justice Laws Website. (2025, March 18). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada, <\/em>Interpretation Act. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/i-21\/page-1.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/i-21\/page-1.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Justice Laws Website. (2025, March 18). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada,\u00a0<\/em>Criminal Code. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/c-46\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/c-46\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kwantlen Polytechnic University Library. (2025, March 27). <em>Law: Legislation (statute law)<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.kpu.ca\/law\/legislation\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/libguides.kpu.ca\/law\/legislation<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Law Society of Ontario. (n.d.). LibGuides: Research 101: How to note-up statutes and regulations. <a href=\"https:\/\/greatguides.lso.ca\/101noteuplegislation#:~:text=Overview,legislation%20in%20the%20case%20cited\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/greatguides.lso.ca\/101noteuplegislation#:~:text=Overview,legislation%20in%20the%20case%20cited<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LawCentral Alberta. (n.d.). <em>Statutes and regulations<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawcentralalberta.ca\/en\/statutes-and-regulations\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.lawcentralalberta.ca\/en\/statutes-and-regulations<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Assembly of Alberta. (2016, January 1). <em>The citizen\u2019s guide to the Alberta Legislature<\/em> (9th ed.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.assembly.ab.ca\/docs\/default-source\/learn-documents\/online-resources\/citizensguide.pdf\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.assembly.ab.ca\/docs\/default-source\/learn-documents\/online-resources\/citizensguide.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 18). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 28). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Canada Labour Code<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/l-2\/\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/l-2\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 28). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Consolidated Acts<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/faq\/\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/faq\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 28). <em>Administrative monetary penalties <\/em>(Canada Labour Code) <em>Regulations<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/regulations\/SOR-2020-260\/page-1.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/regulations\/SOR-2020-260\/page-1.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 28). <em>Administrative monetary penalties <\/em>(Canada Labour Code)<em> Regulations<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/regulations\/SOR-2020-260\/page-1.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/regulations\/SOR-2020-260\/page-1.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 28). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Consolidated Acts<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/faq\/#:~:text=When%20the%20federal%20government%20makes,together%20the%20various%20amended%20provisions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/faq\/#:~:text=When%20the%20federal%20government%20makes,together%20the%20various%20amended%20provisions<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 28). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada, the Constitution Acts 1867 to 1982<\/em>. Legislative Services Branch. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/const\/page-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/const\/page-1.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2015, July 31). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/#:~:text=Welcome%20to%20the%20Justice%20Laws,language%20versions%20being%20equally%20authoritative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/#:~:text=Welcome%20to%20the%20Justice%20Laws,language%20versions%20being%20equally%20authoritative<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2015a, July 30). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/tablepublicstatutes\/index.html4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/tablepublicstatutes\/index.html4<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2015b, July 30). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/tablepublicstatutes\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/tablepublicstatutes\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2015d, August 18). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada<\/em>, Consolidated Acts. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/faq\/#:~:text=The%20Justice%20Laws%20Website%20provides%20a%20consolidation%2C,and%20put%20together%20the%20various%20amended%20provisions.&amp;text=They%20include%20new%20Acts%20as%20well%20as%20Acts%20and%20provisions%20that%20amend%20existing%20Acts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/faq\/#:~:text=The%20Justice%20Laws%20Website%20provides%20a%20consolidation%2C,and%20put%20together%20the%20various%20amended%20provisions.&amp;text=They%20include%20new%20Acts%20as%20well%20as%20Acts%20and%20provisions%20that%20amend%20existing%20Acts<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2015f, August 18). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada<\/em>, Consolidated Acts. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/faq\/#:~:text=in%20force%20dates.-,What%20are%20%22Related%20Provisions%E2%80%9D%20in%20consolidated%20Acts%20or%20regulations?,(see%20left%20navigation%20menu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/faq\/#:~:text=in%20force%20dates.-,What%20are%20%22Related%20Provisions%E2%80%9D%20in%20consolidated%20Acts%20or%20regulations?,(see%20left%20navigation%20menu<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Lexis Advance\u00ae Quicklaw\u00ae. (2020). Lexis Advance\u00ae QuickLaw\u00ae \u2013 Tables of Concordance. In Lexis Advance\u00ae Quicklaw\u00ae. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lexisnexis.ca\/pdf\/products\/lexis-advance-quicklaw\/LexisAdvanceQuicklaw-TablesOfConcordance(Updated).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.lexisnexis.ca\/pdf\/products\/lexis-advance-quicklaw\/LexisAdvanceQuicklaw-TablesOfConcordance(Updated).pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ontario Justice Education Network. (2013). <em>In brief: Common law and civil law<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/ojen.ca\/en\/download\/in-brief-common-law-and-civil-law\/\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/ojen.ca\/en\/download\/in-brief-common-law-and-civil-law\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Parliament of Canada. (n.d.). <em>How a bill becomes a law<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.parl.ca\/understanding-comprendre\/en\/how-parliament-works\/how-a-bill-becomes-a-law\/\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/learn.parl.ca\/understanding-comprendre\/en\/how-parliament-works\/how-a-bill-becomes-a-law\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Parliament of Canada &amp; Privy Council Office. (n.d.). <em>Environmental and regulatory reviews: How new laws are created<\/em>. In GAZETTE II. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/themes\/environment\/conservation\/environmental-reviews\/how-new-laws-and-regulations-are-created-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/themes\/environment\/conservation\/environmental-reviews\/how-new-laws-and-regulations-are-created-en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Police Act, RSA 2000, c P-17. <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56k6g\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56k6g<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Police Service Regulation, Alta Reg 356\/1990. (2024, December 3). <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56df3\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56df3<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Privy Council Office. (2017, December 20). <em>Guide to making federal acts and regulations<\/em>. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/privy-council\/services\/publications\/guide-making-federal-acts-regulations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/privy-council\/services\/publications\/guide-making-federal-acts-regulations.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Queen\u2019s University Library. (2025, March 13). <em>Canadian legal research manual: Introduction to Canadian legislation<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.queensu.ca\/legal-research-manual\/legislation-introduction\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/guides.library.queensu.ca\/legal-research-manual\/legislation-introduction<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Research guides: Canadian Legal Research Manual: Legal Encyclopedias. Legal Encyclopedias - Canadian Legal Research Manual - Research Guides at Queen\u2019s University Library. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.queensu.ca\/legal-research-manual\/legal-encyclopedias\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/guides.library.queensu.ca\/legal-research-manual\/legal-encyclopedias<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Research Guides: Law - Legal Citation Guide: Legislation. (n.d.-b). <a href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.ubc.ca\/legalcitation\/leg#s-lg-box-16809082\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/guides.library.ubc.ca\/legalcitation\/leg#s-lg-box-16809082<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Research Guides: Legal Citation with the 10th edition of the McGill Guide: How to Cite Statutes. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.queensu.ca\/legalcitation-mcgill-10th\/how-to-cite-statutes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/guides.library.queensu.ca\/legalcitation-mcgill-10th\/how-to-cite-statutes<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Research guides: Legal citation: Citing Legislation. (n.d.-b).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/guides.douglascollege.ca\/legalcitation\/legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/guides.douglascollege.ca\/legalcitation\/legislation<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Rogala, J. (2018). How a bill becomes law in Canada. Retrieved April 1, 2025, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.winnipegcriminaldefencelawyer.ca\/bill-becomes-law-canada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.winnipegcriminaldefencelawyer.ca\/bill-becomes-law-canada<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Senate of Canada. (2024, September). <em>Senate procedural notes, number 8 \u2013 Committee of the whole<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/sencanada.ca\/en\/about\/procedural-references\/notes\/n8\/\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/sencanada.ca\/en\/about\/procedural-references\/notes\/n8\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Scribbr. (n.d.) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/folders\/5ioFnXtuYra5WbjDR356MW\/lists\/ctDgTIDBwr6j8f64wQJWV\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/folders\/5ioFnXtuYra5WbjDR356MW\/lists\/ctDgTIDBwr6j8f64wQJWV\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Statutory Interpretation, Chapter 3. Pearson Higher Ed. (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pearsonhighered.com\/assets\/samplechapter\/e\/l\/s\/c\/ELS_C\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.pearsonhighered.com\/assets\/samplechapter\/e\/l\/s\/c\/ELS_C<\/a> and M_Chap 3.pdf<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Subject Guides: APA Citation Style (7th Edition): Legal References. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.ualberta.ca\/apa-citation-style\/legal_references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/guides.library.ualberta.ca\/apa-citation-style\/legal_references<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sullivan, R. (2021, June 26). <em>Les certitudes du droit \u2013 The plain meaning rule and other ways to cheat at statutory interpretation<\/em>. CanLII. <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/ts25\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/ts25<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thomson Reuters. (n.d.). <em>10 ways Westlaw Edge is the game changer law firms have been waiting for<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/legal.thomsonreuters.com\/en\/insights\/articles\/10-ways-westlaw-edge-is-the-game-changer\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/legal.thomsonreuters.com\/en\/insights\/articles\/10-ways-westlaw-edge-is-the-game-changer<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thomson Reuters. (n.d.). Use Legislative watch to keep up to date on bills. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thomsonreuters.com\/en-ca\/help\/westlaw-edge\/tools\/other-tools\/legislative-watch-keep-up-to-date-on-bills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.thomsonreuters.com\/en-ca\/help\/westlaw-edge\/tools\/other-tools\/legislative-watch-keep-up-to-date-on-bills<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thomson Reuters. (2013). <em>Glossary: Practical law<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/ca.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com\/Glossary\/CAPracticalLaw\/Ibee79c31c77911eabea4f0dc9fb69570\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/ca.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com\/Glossary\/CAPracticalLaw\/Ibee79c31c77911eabea4f0dc9fb69570<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">University of Victoria. (n.d.-b.) LibGuides: Legal research and writing: Annotated statutes. <a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.uvic.ca\/lrw\/annotated-statutes#:~:text=Annotated%20statutes%20are%20volumes%20of,field%20relevant%20to%20that%20statute\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/libguides.uvic.ca\/lrw\/annotated-statutes#:~:text=Annotated%20statutes%20are%20volumes%20of,field%20relevant%20to%20that%20statute<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">York University. (2025, January 10). <em>Government information: Canadian federal statutes: Terminology and resources (details)<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/researchguides.library.yorku.ca\/c.php?g=706919&amp;p=5032842\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/researchguides.library.yorku.ca\/c.php?g=706919&amp;p=5032842<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n-----------------------------------------------\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>FYI, these are the ORIGINAL REFERENCES below (I sorted and reviewed)<\/strong>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><em>Police Service Regulation<\/em>, Alta Reg 356\/1990. (2024, December 3). <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56df3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56df3<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Police Act, RSA 2000, c P-17. <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56k6g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56k6g<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Assembly of Alberta. (2016, January 1). <em>The citizen\u2019s guide to the Alberta Legislature<\/em> (9th ed). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.assembly.ab.ca\/docs\/default-source\/learn-documents\/online-resources\/citizensguide.pdf?sfvrsn=dc06b96a_4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.assembly.ab.ca\/docs\/default-source\/learn-documents\/online-resources\/citizensguide.pdf?sfvrsn=dc06b96a_4<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Alberta Justice. (2008, November). <em>A guide to the legislative process - Acts and regulations<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/523e5bc6-047a-472c-97eb-74b6ff2cfe8f\/resource\/6eb82779-eb1b-4044-8fa6-140839e86391\/download\/leg-process-manual-nov-2008.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/523e5bc6-047a-472c-97eb-74b6ff2cfe8f\/resource\/6eb82779-eb1b-4044-8fa6-140839e86391\/download\/leg-process-manual-nov-2008.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">York University. (n.d.). <em>Government information: Canadian federal statutes: Terminology and resources (details)<\/em>. Terminology and Resources (Details) - Government Information: Canadian Federal Statutes. <a href=\"https:\/\/researchguides.library.yorku.ca\/c.php?g=706919&amp;p=5032842\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/researchguides.library.yorku.ca\/c.php?g=706919&amp;p=5032842<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">\u200b\u200bAnderson, E., &amp; Barker, S. (2015). Cinderella at the ball: Legislative intent in Canadian courts. <em>Canadian Parliamentary Review<\/em>, <em>38<\/em>(2). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.revparl.ca\/english\/issue.asp?param=223&amp;art=1642\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.revparl.ca\/english\/issue.asp?param=223&amp;art=1642<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Senate of Canada. (2024, September). <em>Senate procedural notes, number 8 - Committee of the whole<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/sencanada.ca\/en\/about\/procedural-references\/notes\/n8\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/sencanada.ca\/en\/about\/procedural-references\/notes\/n8\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sullivan, R. (2021, June 26). <em>Les certitudes du droit - The plain meaning rule and other ways to cheat at statutory interpretation<\/em>. CanLII. <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/ts25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/ts25<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46. (2024). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/t\/7vf2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/t\/7vf2<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 28). Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Canada Labour Code. Canada Labour Code. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/l-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/l-2\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canada, Service. (2024, December 9). Government of Canada. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blue Star Trailer Rentals Inc. v. 407 ETR Concession (2008), 239 O.A.C. 162 (CA). vLex (Court of Appeal Ontario). <a href=\"https:\/\/ca.vlex.com\/vid\/blue-star-trailer-v-681175757\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ca.vlex.com\/vid\/blue-star-trailer-v-681175757<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Statutory Interpretation, Chapter 3. Pearson Higher Ed. (2020). https:\/\/www.pearsonhighered.com\/assets\/samplechapter\/e\/l\/s\/c\/ELS_C and M_Chap 3.pdf<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Highline College Library. (2025). <em>Introduction to law: Primary and secondary legal sources<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/library.highline.edu\/c.php?g=344547&amp;p=2320319#:~:text=Primary%20and%20Secondary%20Legal%20Sources&amp;text=Primary%20legal%20sources%20are%20the,or%20critique%20it%20as%20well\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/library.highline.edu\/c.php?g=344547&amp;p=2320319#:~:text=Primary%20and%20Secondary%20Legal%20Sources&amp;text=Primary%20legal%20sources%20are%20the,or%20critique%20it%20as%20well<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bora Laskin Law Library. (n.d.). <em>Legal research tutorial: Step 1: secondary sources - books<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191105175049\/https:\/\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-1-secondary-sources-books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191105175049\/https:\/\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-1-secondary-sources-books<\/a> (archived version)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canlii tips and tricks. (2025). <em>CanLII - How to find case law method 1<\/em>. Courthouse Libraries. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canlii tips and tricks. (2025). <em>CanLII - Quick reference cheat sheet<\/em>. Courthouse Libraries. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">CanLII. (n.d.). <em>What is CanLII<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/info\/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/info\/about.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 18).<em> Consolidated federal laws of Canada<\/em>. Legislative Services Branch. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/#:~:text=Home-,Justice%20Laws%20Website,language%20versions%20being%20equally%20authoritative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/#:~:text=Home-,Justice%20Laws%20Website,language%20versions%20being%20equally%20authoritative<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 28). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Consolidated Acts<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/faq\/#:~:text=When%20the%20federal%20government%20makes,together%20the%20various%20amended%20provisions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/faq\/#:~:text=When%20the%20federal%20government%20makes,together%20the%20various%20amended%20provisions<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thomson Reuters. (n.d.). <em>10 ways Westlaw Edge is the game changer law firms have been waiting for<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/legal.thomsonreuters.com\/en\/insights\/articles\/10-ways-westlaw-edge-is-the-game-changer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/legal.thomsonreuters.com\/en\/insights\/articles\/10-ways-westlaw-edge-is-the-game-changer<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Department of Justice Canada. (2021, September 1). <em>What is the law? <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/just\/02.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/just\/02.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LawCentral Alberta. (n.d.). <em>Statutes and regulations<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawcentralalberta.ca\/en\/statutes-and-regulations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.lawcentralalberta.ca\/en\/statutes-and-regulations<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Parliament of Canada. 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(n.d.-b). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chrc-ccdp.gc.ca\/about-commission#:~:text=The%20Canadian%20Human%20Rights%20Commission,no%20matter%20who%20they%20are\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.chrc-ccdp.gc.ca\/about-commission#:~:text=The%20Canadian%20Human%20Rights%20Commission,no%20matter%20who%20they%20are<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canadian Human Rights Commission. (2019, June 11). Canadian Human Rights Commission. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/human-rights-commission.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/human-rights-commission.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canada, E. a. S. D. (2024, February 21). Overview of the parts of the Canada Labour Code and how they apply to your industry. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace\/federally-regulated-industries\/canada-labour-code-parts-overview.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace\/federally-regulated-industries\/canada-labour-code-parts-overview.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Am I in the right place? | Alberta Human Rights Commission. (n.d.).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/complaints\/am-i-in-the-right-place\/#:~:text=The%20Commission%20gets%20its%20authority,factor%20in%20the%20adverse%20impact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/complaints\/am-i-in-the-right-place\/#:~:text=The%20Commission%20gets%20its%20authority,factor%20in%20the%20adverse%20impact<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">What are human rights? | Alberta Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/what-are-human-rights\/about-human-rights\/what-are-human-rights\/#:~:text=Albertans%20who%20believe%20that%20they,which%20is%20a%20provincial%20agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/what-are-human-rights\/about-human-rights\/what-are-human-rights\/#:~:text=Albertans%20who%20believe%20that%20they,which%20is%20a%20provincial%20agency<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Alberta. (n.d.-a). <a href=\"https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/dfb69784-70f9-4341-8033-ff2532075dce\/resource\/e758efcd-4af1-4877-b4bd-4eb4cc2ef7da\/download\/employersguide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/dfb69784-70f9-4341-8033-ff2532075dce\/resource\/e758efcd-4af1-4877-b4bd-4eb4cc2ef7da\/download\/employersguide.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Principles of Interpretation - Criminal Law notebook. (n.d.-b). <a href=\"https:\/\/criminalnotebook.ca\/index.php\/Principles_of_Interpretation#:~:text=The%20fundamental%20principle%20of%20statutory,the%20intention%20of%20the%20legislature%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/criminalnotebook.ca\/index.php\/Principles_of_Interpretation#:~:text=The%20fundamental%20principle%20of%20statutory,the%20intention%20of%20the%20legislature%22<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Electronic Communications. (2022b, August 29). Legistics - cross references. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/rp-pr\/csj-sjc\/legis-redact\/legistics\/p2p1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/rp-pr\/csj-sjc\/legis-redact\/legistics\/p2p1.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LibGuides: Legal research and writing: Annotated statutes. (n.d.-b). <a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.uvic.ca\/lrw\/annotated-statutes#:~:text=Annotated%20statutes%20are%20volumes%20of,field%20relevant%20to%20that%20statute\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/libguides.uvic.ca\/lrw\/annotated-statutes#:~:text=Annotated%20statutes%20are%20volumes%20of,field%20relevant%20to%20that%20statute<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Step 2: Primary sources of law: Canadian Case Law | Bora Laskin Law Library. (n.d.-b). <a href=\"https:\/\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-2-primary-sources-law-canadian-case-law-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-2-primary-sources-law-canadian-case-law-0<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Office, P. C. (2017, December 20). Guide to making federal acts and Regulations. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/privy-council\/services\/publications\/guide-making-federal-acts-regulations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/privy-council\/services\/publications\/guide-making-federal-acts-regulations.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada, D. of J. (2021, September 1). The Judicial Structure. About Canada\u2019s System of Justice. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/just\/07.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/just\/07.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Criminal rules of the Alberta Court of Justice. (2024, May). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.albertacourts.ca\/docs\/default-source\/pc\/rules-of-court---criminal.pdf?sfvrsn=e87e4c83_9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.albertacourts.ca\/docs\/default-source\/pc\/rules-of-court---criminal.pdf?sfvrsn=e87e4c83_9<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Rogala, J. (2018). How a Bill Becomes Law in Canada. Winnipeg Criminal Defence Lawyer. Retrieved April 1, 2025, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.winnipegcriminaldefencelawyer.ca\/bill-becomes-law-canada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.winnipegcriminaldefencelawyer.ca\/bill-becomes-law-canada<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">CanLII. (n.d.). Consolidated Statutes of Canada | CANLII. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/ca\/laws\/stat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/ca\/laws\/stat<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Annual statutes of alberta | canlii. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/astat\/nav\/1910\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/astat\/nav\/1910\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Consolidated Statutes of alberta | canlii. (n.d.-b). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/stat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/stat\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Consolidated Regulations of alberta | canlii. (n.d.-b). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/regu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/regu\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">CanLII: Canada (federal). (n.d.-b). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/ca<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada, P. S. and P. C. (2025, March 28). Government of Canada. www.gazette.gc.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/gazette.gc.ca\/accueil-home-eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/gazette.gc.ca\/accueil-home-eng.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2015, July 31). Consolidated federal laws of Canada. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/#:~:text=Welcome%20to%20the%20Justice%20Laws,language%20versions%20being%20equally%20authoritative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/#:~:text=Welcome%20to%20the%20Justice%20Laws,language%20versions%20being%20equally%20authoritative<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2015a, July 30). Consolidated federal laws of Canada. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/tablepublicstatutes\/index.html4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/tablepublicstatutes\/index.html4<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">The Alberta Gazette. (2025, March 31). Alberta.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/the-alberta-gazette\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/the-alberta-gazette<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bills and legislation. (2025, March 31). Alberta.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/government-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/government-legislation<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Statutes and Regulations | LawCentral. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawcentralalberta.ca\/en\/statutes-and-regulations#:~:text=Statutes%20are%20laws%20made%20by,is%20assigned%20within%20that%20Act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.lawcentralalberta.ca\/en\/statutes-and-regulations#:~:text=Statutes%20are%20laws%20made%20by,is%20assigned%20within%20that%20Act<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canada, E. and C. C. (2019, September 26). Government of Canada. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/services\/species-risk-public-registry\/regulations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/services\/species-risk-public-registry\/regulations.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Emond Publishing Inc. (n.d.). <em>Glossary of legal terms<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/emond.ca\/Customer-Care\/Glossary-of-legal-terms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/emond.ca\/Customer-Care\/Glossary-of-legal-terms<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Research guides: Canadian Legal Research Manual: Legal Encyclopedias. Legal Encyclopedias - Canadian Legal Research Manual - Research Guides at Queen\u2019s University Library. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.queensu.ca\/legal-research-manual\/legal-encyclopedias\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/guides.library.queensu.ca\/legal-research-manual\/legal-encyclopedias<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/details>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Upon successful completion of this chapter, learners will be able to do the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Distinguish between statutes and regulations.<\/li>\n<li>Outline the basic principles of statutory interpretation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"124\" data-end=\"1029\">The law shapes everyday life in more ways than we often realize (Government of Canada, 2021). Signing a lease to rent an apartment, applying for a marriage license, or driving with valid registration and insurance are all governed by legal rules. These requirements are not just technicalities\u2014they exist to protect individual rights and maintain order in society. Laws establish clear rules but also safeguard important protections, such as workplace safety, consumer rights, and fair treatment. They also create access to benefits like workers\u2019 compensation, unemployment insurance, health care, and student loans. Because laws touch nearly every aspect of daily life, understanding how statutes and regulations are interpreted is essential. Interpretation ensures that the protections and responsibilities written into law are applied fairly, consistently, and in line with their legislative purpose.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>The Relationship Between Statutes and Regulations<\/h2>\n<p>Statutes and regulations are two important elements of the Alberta legal system. They are both used to guide the legal system in the fairest and procedurally correct direction.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Statutes<\/strong> establish the broad rules, while <strong>regulations<\/strong> provide the detailed procedures that make statutes workable. Regulations can only be created under the authority granted by their enabling statute.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Parliament or the Legislature creates <strong>statutes, also known as Acts<\/strong>. This legislation may create a new law or modify an existing one. While regulations are the rules that address the details and practical applications of the law, the authority to create a regulation related to a specific Act is assigned within the Act that empowers the regulation. Regulations must conform strictly to the limits that were laid out within the Act (LawCentral, n.d.).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Regulations<\/strong> provide detailed procedures and rules necessary for statutes to function; this happens because Acts and regulations depend on each other to work, so creating them together ensures they align. When the legislature is proposing to authorize regulations, whoever is creating the bill must consider who has the authority to make the regulation, what matters are being dealt with in the bill, and the regulations.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Statutes<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"115\" data-end=\"501\">Statutes, also known as Acts, are laws debated and passed by elected officials in federal and provincial legislatures (Alberta Justice, 2008). In Alberta, Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are responsible for passing statutes. These laws form the foundation of the legal system by defining rights, responsibilities, and prohibitions.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"503\" data-end=\"940\">Statutes can set out what conduct is prohibited and the penalties for breaking the law. For example, criminal statutes define specific offences and the punishments that may apply, such as fines or imprisonment (Justice Laws Website, 2025). Statutes also regulate the powers of government by clearly defining the responsibilities of agencies and officials, ensuring authority is distributed appropriately, and preventing misuse of power.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"942\" data-end=\"1233\">Within statutes, <strong data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"985\">substantive provisions<\/strong> establish the core legal rules, rights, and obligations that individuals and organizations must follow (Ervine, 2023). These differ from <strong data-start=\"1123\" data-end=\"1141\">procedural law<\/strong>, which governs how laws are enforced\u2014for instance, court procedures or evidentiary rules.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1235\" data-end=\"1276\">Examples of important statutes include:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1277\" data-end=\"1629\">\n<li data-start=\"1277\" data-end=\"1418\">\n<p data-start=\"1279\" data-end=\"1418\">The <em data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1308\">Criminal Code <\/em>of Canada, which defines criminal offences, penalties, and trial procedures to ensure consistency across the country<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1419\" data-end=\"1629\">\n<p data-start=\"1421\" data-end=\"1629\">The <em data-start=\"1425\" data-end=\"1445\">Canada Labour Code<\/em>, which sets workplace rights and standards, protects employees from unsafe conditions, and is enforced through inspections and penalties by Employment and Social Development Canada<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1631\" data-end=\"2229\">Because statutes cannot anticipate every situation, courts play a crucial role in interpreting them. Judicial rulings resolve ambiguities, apply statutes to real-world cases, and shape their meaning through precedent, or \u201cjudge-made law\u201d (Ontario Justice Education Network, 2013; Macnab, 2022). Using principles such as stare decisis and legislative intent, judges clarify unclear provisions and adapt older laws to new contexts. Over time, these interpretations become part of the common law and guide how statutes are applied and enforced (University of Alberta Libraries, n.d.; Jamesju, 2025).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Regulations<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2353\" data-end=\"2618\">Regulations are detailed rules created under the authority of a statute to explain how the statute is applied, which govern the application or procedure of the law (Alberta Justice, 2008). For example, regulations dictate how police officers are allowed to make arrests. They set out when police can and cannot use force, when they can search individuals or property, what they must do with any evidence they come across, and more. In this specific example, the <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/8216\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Police Act<\/em>, RSA 2000, c P-17<\/a> sets a foundation for the <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56df3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Police Service Regulation<\/em>, Alta Reg 356\/1990<\/a>. Both the statute (<em>Police Act<\/em>) and the regulation (<em>Police Service Regulation<\/em>) work hand in hand to set out what is required of law enforcement officers and what steps to take if there is misconduct by law enforcement officers.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Bills and Statutes: The Legislative Process<\/h2>\n<p>Now that we have made the distinction between statutes and regulations, it\u2019s important to know how statutes and regulations come to pass. As discussed earlier, statutes, or laws, in Alberta are passed by Members of the Legislative Assembly, also known as MLAs. The MLAs will introduce bills that propose new laws or changes to current laws. You can review any new and proposed bills on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/new-and-proposed-legislation\">A<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/new-and-proposed-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lberta Government website<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The legislative process for passing new laws in Alberta is outlined in <em>A Guide to the Legislative Process \u2013 Acts and Regulations<\/em> as follows:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>The First Reading<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>This stage is called the first reading. This term comes from the early British Parliament, where someone would read the entire bill aloud to the House. However, now that printing is more common, only the title of the bill is read by the clerk. The bill is then studied by Members of the House, and they decide whether they support the entire bill, oppose the entire bill, or support certain parts of the bill (Alberta Justice, 2008).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>The Second Reading<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>The next stage of this process is called the second reading. During the second reading, Members will debate the principle of the bill. During this process, the debate can sometimes become intense. It is the speaker\u2019s \u201cjob\u201d to keep things in control and still ensure that Members have a fair chance to voice their opinions. Once the second reading has concluded and Members have finished debating the bill, the Speaker calls a vote. If the Bill passes this stage, it goes to the Committee of the Whole (Alberta Justice, 2008).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>The Committee of the Whole<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>The Committee of the Whole is a special committee of all Members that is composed to deliberate on bills or other matters. They will deliberate the bill, clause by clause if needed. The Speaker of the House does not preside over this meeting; instead, they call upon another Member, or a Speaker <em>pro tempore<\/em>, meaning \u201cfor the time being\u201d to preside instead. The MLAs meet as a committee with a chair, instead of as an assembly with a speaker. Once the bill is done being debated by the Committee of the Whole, the chair will let the Speaker know if the committee has approved the bill and whether they have any proposed amendments (Alberta Justice, 2008).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>The Third Reading<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>The next stage is called the third reading, which is also the last stage of a bill\u2019s passage through the Assembly. Members will discuss, clarify, or criticize the bill one last time before the final vote occurs. This vote is done by simple majority (Alberta Justice, 2008).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Royal Assent<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>If the majority votes to pass the bill, then the bill receives royal assent from the Lieutenant Governor, passes, and is officially law. If the Bill does not pass at any of these stages, then it must be reintroduced and will not become law.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<p data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"548\">Although the public is not directly involved in drafting or passing laws, our voices are represented through our elected officials. Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are chosen by voters to represent their constituents in the law-making process. We elect MLAs based on our values and beliefs, and those MLAs vote on bills in the Legislature with the perspectives of their constituents in mind.<\/p>\n<p>Regulations, on the other hand, are not passed directly by MLAs. Instead, the Legislature often delegates the power to make regulations to another body. This power is most commonly given to Cabinet (the Lieutenant Governor in Council) or to a Minister, but it may also be delegated to boards, commissions, or other authorities. Once created, regulations must be filed under the <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/569ml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Regulations Act<\/em>, RSA 2000, c R-14<\/a>. After filing, the Legislative Counsel Office publishes them in Part II of the <em data-start=\"1043\" data-end=\"1060\">Alberta Gazette<\/em> within 30 days, and once published, the regulations are binding on those they affect (Alberta Justice, 2008).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1216\" data-end=\"2150\">Regulations are enforced by the government department or agency responsible for the enabling legislation. Enforcement can include inspections, administrative orders, or fines, and in some cases, prosecution. Unlike statutes, regulations are generally not enforced by police unless the regulation creates an offence tied to criminal or quasi-criminal conduct (e.g., traffic violations). For example, workplaces themselves do not enforce regulations; rather, they must comply with them. Human rights protections in the workplace, such as the right to be free from discrimination based on religion, are enforced under the <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/560xr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Alberta Human Rights Act<\/em>, RSA 2000, c A-25.5<\/a>, by the <a href=\"https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/issues-at-work\/rights-and-responsibilities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alberta Human Rights Commission<\/a>, not by individual employers. Employers must follow the law, but the Commission is responsible for investigating and enforcing compliance.<\/p>\n<p>Statutes establish the foundation of the law, while regulations provide the detailed rules and procedures for for implementing and enforcing them.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Statutory Interpretation Principles<\/h2>\n<p>We know that it is important for the general public to understand statutes in order to know their rights, freedoms, and responsibilities. In Canada, all levels of courts, from provincial and territorial courts to superior courts and appellate courts, interpret and apply legislation in the cases before them.<\/p>\n<p>Superior courts, defined by the Government of Alberta as \u201cthe highest level of courts in a province or territory. They deal with the most serious criminal and civil cases and have the power to review the decisions of the provincial and territorial courts,\u201d and act as the official interpreters of legal texts (Department of Justice Canada, The Judicial Structure, 2021).<\/p>\n<p>One of the key doctrines in Canadian constitutional law is the principle of federal paramountcy, which holds that when a valid federal law conflicts with a valid provincial law, the federal law prevails under the division of powers set out in sections 91 and 92 of the <em data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"345\">Constitution Act, 1867<\/em> (Legislative Services Branch, 2025).<\/p>\n<p>Because interpretation occurs at every level, it is important to understand how courts approach this task and what tools they use. This section will introduce two of these tools: the \u201cplain meaning\u201d rule and the golden rule.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>The Plain Meaning Rule<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>The \u201cplain meaning\u201d rule states that if legislative text is clear, courts must apply it as written without interpretation. If the text is ambiguous, courts may then use interpretive rules and techniques (Sullivan, 2021). The rule relies on the immediate first impression of a competent reader, based solely on the words themselves. A text has plain meaning when the only reasonable interpretation is the initial one; it is ambiguous if more than one reasonable interpretation exists. When a statute has plain meaning, courts are bound to apply it directly. As Sullivan (2021) explains, courts may consult non-textual evidence (such as legislative purpose or consequences) to support plain meaning, not to contradict it. For example, a court may refer to a dictionary to define an undefined term.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Elmer Driedger\u2019s Modern Principle<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>The <strong>golden rule<\/strong> allows courts to depart from the ordinary or plain meaning of words only where a literal interpretation would lead to absurd or inconsistent results. This ensures that legislation is applied reasonably without straying beyond the text itself. While the golden rule continues to influence Canadian interpretation, it has largely been subsumed within <strong>Elmer Driedger\u2019s modern principle<\/strong>, which the Supreme Court of Canada endorsed in <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/1fqwt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Rizzo &amp; Rizzo Shoes Ltd. (Re)<\/em>, 1998 CanLII 837 (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 27<\/a> at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ca\/scc\/doc\/1998\/1998canlii837\/1998canlii837.html?resultId=3d86c41054f248f09a158ec8444e65fd&amp;searchId=2025-08-28T10:32:48:857\/80494a2e1c824b71ba6ca4345d1e8017#:~:text=Today%20there%20is%20only%20one%20principle%20or%20approach%2C%20namely%2C%20the%20words%20of%20an%20Act%20are%20to%20be%20read%20in%20their%20entire%20context%20and%20in%20their%20grammatical%20and%20ordinary%20sense%20harmoniously%20with%20the%20scheme%20of%20the%20Act%2C%20the%20object%20of%20the%20Act%2C%20and%20the%20intention%20of%20Parliament.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">para. 21<\/a>. Under this approach, legislation must be read in its entire context, in its grammatical and ordinary sense, and harmoniously with the scheme, object, and intent of the Act.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<p>When applying the plain meaning of legislation would lead to an absurd or unintended result, the golden rule allows judges to adopt a more reasonable interpretation that reflects Parliament\u2019s intent and avoids unfair consequences. This ensures that the true purpose of the law is preserved, rather than its strict literal wording.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">These interpretations work together to guarantee that the law is applied as intended, avoid any absurd outcomes, and considers the specific goals of the legislation.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em\"><em><strong>Note<\/strong><\/em>: One of the most important aspects when reading statutes is <strong>l<\/strong><\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">egislative intent<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">.<\/span> When someone is interpreting a statute, it is important that they understand the intention that these lawmakers had when they drafted, introduced, and passed the law. Understanding their intention is helpful background information to understand what the actual text is saying. Although the preamble is not enforceable, knowing the reasons policymakers created the legislation often provides important context for interpreting the provisions and how the law is applied and enforced.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Judges can clarify the meaning of legislation through case law, either to extend or limit the scope of the legislation, through the process of <strong>judicial consideration<\/strong>. Over time, judges\u2019 interpretations help to understand the laws and how their consideration is applied during certain situations, and this allows for the continuous evolution of case law and legislation (LibGuides: Legal Research and Writing: Case Law, n.d.). Additionally, courts have the authority to strike down parts of an act or an act as a whole; this is if it is deemed unconstitutional. This is to ensure that all legislation aligns with the Constitution\u2019s principles and that it does not violate fundamental rights and principles outlined in the Constitution (Law Society of Ontario, n.d.).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Tracking Amendments and Updates in Legislation<\/h2>\n<p>Because statutes and regulations evolve, it is important to track amendments. Tools such as the <em>Canada Gazette<\/em>, Justice Laws Website, and <em>Alberta Gazette<\/em> provide official updates to help monitor these changes.<\/p>\n<p>The following outlines tools for tracking legislative developments at both the federal and provincial levels. It is important to consider repealed or superseded legislation, with particular attention to changes to the section number, because while the statutes change over time, how they are interpreted and analyzed over time might change (Finding Alberta Legislation \u2013 Alberta Law Libraries, n.d.).<\/p>\n<p>There are a few resources available to keep up to date with amendments in federal legislation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gazette.gc.ca\/accueil-home-eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Canada<\/em><\/a><em><a href=\"https:\/\/gazette.gc.ca\/accueil-home-eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Gazette<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.parl.ca\/legisinfo\/en\/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LEGISinfo (Parliament of Canada<\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Justice Laws Website<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lexisnexis.ca\/en-ca\/products\/legislative-pulse.page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canadian Legislative PULSE\u00ae | LexisNexis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There are also a few resources available to keep up to date with amendments in legislation on the provincial level; we will take a closer look at those resources, including the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/the-alberta-gazette\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Alberta Gazette<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/government-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bills and legislation | Government of Alberta<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Defining Legal Terminology<\/h2>\n<p>Legal texts often involve complex legal terminology and phrases that are not necessarily comprehensible to the majority of people, which makes them inaccessible to the general public. It is important to break down the legal jargon so that the law is easily understood and more accessible. According to York University\u2019s (2025) <em>Canadian Federal Statutes: Terminology and Resources Guide<\/em>, there are a number of terms that are most useful when it comes to understanding Canadian legal texts.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Statutes, also known as Acts<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>Statutes, also known as Acts, are passed by government bodies such as Parliament or a provincial legislature (LawCentral Alberta, n.d.). When statutes establish legal principles and rights, they are called substantive acts. Older statutes can be modified through amendments, known as amending acts, or nullified through repealing acts (Queen\u2019s University Library, 2025).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Regulations<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_335_632\">Regulations <\/a>are legally binding rules that explain how statutes are applied in practice (LawCentral Alberta, n.d.). The authority to create regulations is granted within the Act itself. Regulations carry the full power of law.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Enabling Statute<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>An <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_335_633\">enabling statute<\/a> is a law that grants authority for regulations to be created under it (Queen\u2019s University Library, 2025). It provides the legal foundation for subordinate legislation.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Subordinate Legislation<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_335_634\">Subordinate legislation<\/a>, also known as delegated legislation, refers to legal rules or regulations made under the authority of a statute (Kwantlen Polytechnic University Library, 2025; Queen\u2019s University Library, 2025).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Bill<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>In Canada, proposed laws begin as bills. They often originate from citizen petitions, public advocacy, or government policy proposals. A bill must go through several readings and approvals in Parliament before becoming law (Parliament of Canada, n.d.).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Enactment<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_335_635\">Enactment<\/a> is the formal process by which laws are approved and put into effect (Justice Laws Website, 2025).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Legislation<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_335_636\">Legislation<\/a> is a general term that is used to refer to laws, regulations, and other official rules created by government bodies (Kwantlen Polytechnic University Library, 2025).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Codified<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_335_637\">Codification <\/a>refers to the process of systematically organizing and consolidating laws into a formal legal code. In Canada, laws are often codified by subject, such as the <em>Criminal Code<\/em> (Department of Justice, 2021).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Amend<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>To amend a law means to modify or update it. This can include adding, removing, or revising provisions (Legislative Services Branch, 2025).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Repeal<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>To <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_335_638\">repeal<\/a> a law means to formally revoke or nullify it, removing its legal effect.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Royal Assent<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>Royal assent is the formal approval by Alberta\u2019s Lieutenant Governor that gives a bill passed by the Legislative Assembly the force of law.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Coming into Force<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>Coming into force is the date on which a law becomes enforceable. This can be the date the law receives royal assent, the date set forth in the act, or the date specified by the Governor General.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Not in Force<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>Acts that are not in force are not yet enforceable and are waiting for any rule, order, regulation, or proclamation to bring them into force.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Private Act<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>A private act is a law that is aimed at a specific individual or private institution.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Public General Act<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>A public general act is a law that is universally applicable and is permanent. These public general acts are periodically gathered, consolidated, and published as Revised Statutes. All of the laws passed in a year are gathered together and published as the annual <em>Statutes of Canada<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Annotated Statutes<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_335_639\">Annotated statutes<\/a> are volumes of statutes that are accompanying commentary and case notes, written section by section of the statute, they often include relevant regulations throughout the commentary (University of Victoria, n.d.). Annotated statutes serve as a secondary resource.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Preamble<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_335_640\">Preamble<\/a> provides the purpose or intent behind the law.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Judicial Consideration<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_335_641\">Judicial consideration<\/a> refers to what subsequent court decisions have said about a particular case. It also refers to what cases have said about statutes and sections of a statute (LibGuides: Legal Research and Writing: Judicial Treatment, n.d.).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>Statutory Interpretation<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>The fundamental principle of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_335_642\">statutory interpretation<\/a> is that \u201cthe words of a statute be read in their entire context and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of the legislature\u201d (Dostal, n.d.).<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p>Understanding statutes and regulations is essential for effective legal research. Statutes provide the foundation of the law by setting out rights, duties, and prohibitions, while regulations supply the detailed rules and procedures needed to apply those laws in practice. Because statutes can be ambiguous or outdated, courts play a vital role in interpreting their meaning through precedent and principles of statutory interpretation. For paralegals and legal assistants, the ability to distinguish between statutes and regulations, track amendments, and apply interpretive tools is critical to providing accurate research, supporting legal arguments, and ensuring clients receive competent and current legal information.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Reflection Questions<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"61\" data-end=\"160\">\n<p data-start=\"64\" data-end=\"160\">Why is it important to distinguish between statutes and regulations when interpreting legislation?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"161\" data-end=\"279\">\n<p data-start=\"164\" data-end=\"279\">How do substantive provisions in statutes affect your daily life, and how are they different from procedural law?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"280\" data-end=\"414\">\n<p data-start=\"283\" data-end=\"414\">Think of an example where a statute might be unclear or outdated. How might a court\u2019s interpretation help resolve this ambiguity?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"715\">\n<p data-start=\"563\" data-end=\"715\">How does the doctrine of precedent (stare decisis) influence the interpretation of statutes, and in what ways does considering legislative intent provide additional context for applying the law?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<details open=\"open\">\n<summary><strong>References<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">The Alberta Gazette. (2025, March 31). Alberta.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/the-alberta-gazette\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/the-alberta-gazette<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">The Alberta Gazette. (2025b, March 31). Alberta.ca.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/the-alberta-gazette#:~:text=Published%20by%20the%20Alberta%20King's,by%20statute%20to%20be%20published\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/the-alberta-gazette#:~:text=Published%20by%20the%20Alberta%20King&#8217;s,by%20statute%20to%20be%20published<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Alberta Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). <em>Am I in the right place<\/em>? | <a href=\"https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/complaints\/am-i-in-the-right-place\/#:~:text=The%20Commission%20gets%20its%20authority,factor%20in%20the%20adverse%20impact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/complaints\/am-i-in-the-right-place\/#:~:text=The%20Commission%20gets%20its%20authority,factor%20in%20the%20adverse%20impact<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Alberta Human Rights Commission. (n.d.).<em> What are human rights<\/em>? <a href=\"https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/what-are-human-rights\/about-human-rights\/what-are-human-rights\/#:~:text=Albertans%20who%20believe%20that%20they,which%20is%20a%20provincial%20agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/albertahumanrights.ab.ca\/what-are-human-rights\/about-human-rights\/what-are-human-rights\/#:~:text=Albertans%20who%20believe%20that%20they,which%20is%20a%20provincial%20agency<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Alberta Human Services. (n.d.-a). <em>An employer\u2019s guide to employee rules<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/dfb69784-70f9-4341-8033-ff2532075dce\/resource\/e758efcd-4af1-4877-b4bd-4eb4cc2ef7da\/download\/employersguide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/dfb69784-70f9-4341-8033-ff2532075dce\/resource\/e758efcd-4af1-4877-b4bd-4eb4cc2ef7da\/download\/employersguide.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Alberta Justice. (2008, November). <em>A guide to the legislative process \u2013 Acts and regulations.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/523e5bc6-047a-472c-97eb-74b6ff2cfe8f\/resource\/6eb82779-eb1b-4044-8fa6-140839e86391\/download\/leg-process-manual-nov-2008.pdf\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/523e5bc6-047a-472c-97eb-74b6ff2cfe8f\/resource\/6eb82779-eb1b-4044-8fa6-140839e86391\/download\/leg-process-manual-nov-2008.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Anderson, E., &amp; Barker, S. (2015). Cinderella at the ball: Legislative intent in Canadian courts. <em>Canadian Parliamentary Review, 38<\/em>(2).<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.revparl.ca\/english\/issue.asp?param=223&amp;art=1642\" target=\"_new\">http:\/\/www.revparl.ca\/english\/issue.asp?param=223&amp;art=1642<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Annual statutes of Alberta | canlii. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/astat\/nav\/1910\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/astat\/nav\/1910\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Athabasca University Press. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/read.aupress.ca\/read\/legal-literacy\/section\/e464ba7e-1463-48b6-8332-c7ca469fb91f#:~:text=Cases%20that%20involve%20the%20interpretation,result%20in%20the%20particular%20case\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/read.aupress.ca\/read\/legal-literacy\/section\/e464ba7e-1463-48b6-8332-c7ca469fb91f#:~:text=Cases%20that%20involve%20the%20interpretation,result%20in%20the%20particular%20case<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blue Star Trailer Rentals Inc. v. 407 ETR Concession (2008), 239 O.A.C. 162 (CA). <em>vLex (Court of Appeal Ontario).<\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.vlex.com\/vid\/blue-star-trailer-v-681175757\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/ca.vlex.com\/vid\/blue-star-trailer-v-681175757<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bills and legislation. (2025, March 31). Alberta.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/government-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/government-legislation<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bills by legislature. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.assembly.ab.ca\/assembly-business\/bills\/bills-by-legislature\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.assembly.ab.ca\/assembly-business\/bills\/bills-by-legislature<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bora Laskin Law Library. (n.d.). <em>Legal research tutorial: Step 1: Secondary sources \u2013 books.<\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191105175049\/https:\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-1-secondary-sources-books\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191105175049\/https:\/\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-1-secondary-sources-books<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bora Laskin Law Library. (n.d.-b). Step 2: Primary sources of law: Canadian case law. <a href=\"https:\/\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-2-primary-sources-law-canadian-case-law-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-2-primary-sources-law-canadian-case-law-0<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canada, Service. (2024, December 9). <em>Government of Canada.<\/em> Canada.ca.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canadian Human Rights Commission. (n.d.-b). <em>About the commission<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chrc-ccdp.gc.ca\/about-commission#:~:text=The%20Canadian%20Human%20Rights%20Commission,no%20matter%20who%20they%20are\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.chrc-ccdp.gc.ca\/about-commission#:~:text=The%20Canadian%20Human%20Rights%20Commission,no%20matter%20who%20they%20are<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canadian Human Rights Commission. (2019, June 11). Canadian Human Rights Commission. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/human-rights-commission.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/human-rights-commission.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canadian Legislative PULSE\u00ae | LexisNexis. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lexisnexis.ca\/en-ca\/products\/legislative-pulse.page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.lexisnexis.ca\/en-ca\/products\/legislative-pulse.page<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">CanLII. (n.d.). <em>What is CanLII.<\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/info\/about.html\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/info\/about.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canlii tips and tricks. (2025). <em>CanLII \u2013 How to find case law method 1.<\/em> Courthouse Libraries.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canlii tips and tricks. (2025). <em>CanLII \u2013 Quick reference cheat sheet.<\/em> Courthouse Libraries.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks<\/a><\/p>\n<p>CanLII: Canada (federal). (n.d.-b). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/ca<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">| citation machine. Citation Machine, a Chegg service. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.citationmachine.net\/bibliographies\/e1e8e846-fc5f-4bdd-9c7b-476ad51aae15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.citationmachine.net\/bibliographies\/e1e8e846-fc5f-4bdd-9c7b-476ad51aae15<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Citation guidelines. 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(n.d.) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/folders\/5ioFnXtuYra5WbjDR356MW\/lists\/ctDgTIDBwr6j8f64wQJWV\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/folders\/5ioFnXtuYra5WbjDR356MW\/lists\/ctDgTIDBwr6j8f64wQJWV\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Statutory Interpretation, Chapter 3. Pearson Higher Ed. (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pearsonhighered.com\/assets\/samplechapter\/e\/l\/s\/c\/ELS_C\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/www.pearsonhighered.com\/assets\/samplechapter\/e\/l\/s\/c\/ELS_C<\/a> and M_Chap 3.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Subject Guides: APA Citation Style (7th Edition): Legal References. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.ualberta.ca\/apa-citation-style\/legal_references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/guides.library.ualberta.ca\/apa-citation-style\/legal_references<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sullivan, R. (2021, June 26). <em>Les certitudes du droit \u2013 The plain meaning rule and other ways to cheat at statutory interpretation<\/em>. CanLII. <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/ts25\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/ts25<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thomson Reuters. (n.d.). <em>10 ways Westlaw Edge is the game changer law firms have been waiting for<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/legal.thomsonreuters.com\/en\/insights\/articles\/10-ways-westlaw-edge-is-the-game-changer\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/legal.thomsonreuters.com\/en\/insights\/articles\/10-ways-westlaw-edge-is-the-game-changer<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thomson Reuters. (n.d.). Use Legislative watch to keep up to date on bills. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thomsonreuters.com\/en-ca\/help\/westlaw-edge\/tools\/other-tools\/legislative-watch-keep-up-to-date-on-bills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.thomsonreuters.com\/en-ca\/help\/westlaw-edge\/tools\/other-tools\/legislative-watch-keep-up-to-date-on-bills<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thomson Reuters. (2013). <em>Glossary: Practical law<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/ca.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com\/Glossary\/CAPracticalLaw\/Ibee79c31c77911eabea4f0dc9fb69570\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/ca.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com\/Glossary\/CAPracticalLaw\/Ibee79c31c77911eabea4f0dc9fb69570<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">University of Victoria. (n.d.-b.) LibGuides: Legal research and writing: Annotated statutes. <a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.uvic.ca\/lrw\/annotated-statutes#:~:text=Annotated%20statutes%20are%20volumes%20of,field%20relevant%20to%20that%20statute\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/libguides.uvic.ca\/lrw\/annotated-statutes#:~:text=Annotated%20statutes%20are%20volumes%20of,field%20relevant%20to%20that%20statute<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">York University. (2025, January 10). <em>Government information: Canadian federal statutes: Terminology and resources (details)<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/researchguides.library.yorku.ca\/c.php?g=706919&amp;p=5032842\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/researchguides.library.yorku.ca\/c.php?g=706919&amp;p=5032842<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>FYI, these are the ORIGINAL REFERENCES below (I sorted and reviewed)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><em>Police Service Regulation<\/em>, Alta Reg 356\/1990. (2024, December 3). <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56df3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56df3<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Police Act, RSA 2000, c P-17. <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56k6g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/56k6g<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Assembly of Alberta. (2016, January 1). <em>The citizen\u2019s guide to the Alberta Legislature<\/em> (9th ed). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.assembly.ab.ca\/docs\/default-source\/learn-documents\/online-resources\/citizensguide.pdf?sfvrsn=dc06b96a_4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.assembly.ab.ca\/docs\/default-source\/learn-documents\/online-resources\/citizensguide.pdf?sfvrsn=dc06b96a_4<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Alberta Justice. (2008, November). <em>A guide to the legislative process &#8211; Acts and regulations<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/523e5bc6-047a-472c-97eb-74b6ff2cfe8f\/resource\/6eb82779-eb1b-4044-8fa6-140839e86391\/download\/leg-process-manual-nov-2008.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/523e5bc6-047a-472c-97eb-74b6ff2cfe8f\/resource\/6eb82779-eb1b-4044-8fa6-140839e86391\/download\/leg-process-manual-nov-2008.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">York University. (n.d.). <em>Government information: Canadian federal statutes: Terminology and resources (details)<\/em>. Terminology and Resources (Details) &#8211; Government Information: Canadian Federal Statutes. <a href=\"https:\/\/researchguides.library.yorku.ca\/c.php?g=706919&amp;p=5032842\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/researchguides.library.yorku.ca\/c.php?g=706919&amp;p=5032842<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">\u200b\u200bAnderson, E., &amp; Barker, S. (2015). Cinderella at the ball: Legislative intent in Canadian courts. <em>Canadian Parliamentary Review<\/em>, <em>38<\/em>(2). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.revparl.ca\/english\/issue.asp?param=223&amp;art=1642\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.revparl.ca\/english\/issue.asp?param=223&amp;art=1642<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Senate of Canada. (2024, September). <em>Senate procedural notes, number 8 &#8211; Committee of the whole<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/sencanada.ca\/en\/about\/procedural-references\/notes\/n8\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/sencanada.ca\/en\/about\/procedural-references\/notes\/n8\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Sullivan, R. (2021, June 26). <em>Les certitudes du droit &#8211; The plain meaning rule and other ways to cheat at statutory interpretation<\/em>. CanLII. <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/ts25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/ts25<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46. (2024). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/t\/7vf2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.canlii.org\/t\/7vf2<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 28). Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Canada Labour Code. Canada Labour Code. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/l-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/l-2\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canada, Service. (2024, December 9). Government of Canada. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Blue Star Trailer Rentals Inc. v. 407 ETR Concession (2008), 239 O.A.C. 162 (CA). vLex (Court of Appeal Ontario). <a href=\"https:\/\/ca.vlex.com\/vid\/blue-star-trailer-v-681175757\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ca.vlex.com\/vid\/blue-star-trailer-v-681175757<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Statutory Interpretation, Chapter 3. Pearson Higher Ed. (2020). https:\/\/www.pearsonhighered.com\/assets\/samplechapter\/e\/l\/s\/c\/ELS_C and M_Chap 3.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Highline College Library. (2025). <em>Introduction to law: Primary and secondary legal sources<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/library.highline.edu\/c.php?g=344547&amp;p=2320319#:~:text=Primary%20and%20Secondary%20Legal%20Sources&amp;text=Primary%20legal%20sources%20are%20the,or%20critique%20it%20as%20well\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/library.highline.edu\/c.php?g=344547&amp;p=2320319#:~:text=Primary%20and%20Secondary%20Legal%20Sources&amp;text=Primary%20legal%20sources%20are%20the,or%20critique%20it%20as%20well<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Bora Laskin Law Library. (n.d.). <em>Legal research tutorial: Step 1: secondary sources &#8211; books<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191105175049\/https:\/\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-1-secondary-sources-books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191105175049\/https:\/\/library.law.utoronto.ca\/step-1-secondary-sources-books<\/a> (archived version)<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canlii tips and tricks. (2025). <em>CanLII &#8211; How to find case law method 1<\/em>. Courthouse Libraries. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canlii tips and tricks. (2025). <em>CanLII &#8211; Quick reference cheat sheet<\/em>. Courthouse Libraries. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.courthouselibrary.ca\/how-we-can-help\/learn-use-digital-research-tools\/canlii-tips-and-tricks<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">CanLII. (n.d.). <em>What is CanLII<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/info\/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/info\/about.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 18).<em> Consolidated federal laws of Canada<\/em>. Legislative Services Branch. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/#:~:text=Home-,Justice%20Laws%20Website,language%20versions%20being%20equally%20authoritative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/#:~:text=Home-,Justice%20Laws%20Website,language%20versions%20being%20equally%20authoritative<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 28). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Consolidated Acts<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/faq\/#:~:text=When%20the%20federal%20government%20makes,together%20the%20various%20amended%20provisions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/faq\/#:~:text=When%20the%20federal%20government%20makes,together%20the%20various%20amended%20provisions<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Thomson Reuters. (n.d.). <em>10 ways Westlaw Edge is the game changer law firms have been waiting for<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/legal.thomsonreuters.com\/en\/insights\/articles\/10-ways-westlaw-edge-is-the-game-changer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/legal.thomsonreuters.com\/en\/insights\/articles\/10-ways-westlaw-edge-is-the-game-changer<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Department of Justice Canada. (2021, September 1). <em>What is the law? <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/just\/02.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/just\/02.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">LawCentral Alberta. (n.d.). <em>Statutes and regulations<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawcentralalberta.ca\/en\/statutes-and-regulations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.lawcentralalberta.ca\/en\/statutes-and-regulations<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Parliament of Canada. (n.d.). <em>How a bill becomes a law.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.parl.ca\/understanding-comprendre\/en\/how-parliament-works\/how-a-bill-becomes-a-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/learn.parl.ca\/understanding-comprendre\/en\/how-parliament-works\/how-a-bill-becomes-a-law\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Justice Laws Website. (2025, March 18). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada, <\/em>Interpretation Act. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/i-21\/page-1.html#:~:text=enact%20includes%20to%20issue%2C%20make,Act%20or%20regulation%3B%20(texte)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/i-21\/page-1.html#:~:text=enact%20includes%20to%20issue%2C%20make,Act%20or%20regulation%3B%20(texte)<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Kwantlen Polytechnic University Library. (2025, March 27). <em>Law: Legislation (statute law)<\/em>.<a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.kpu.ca\/law\/legislation#:~:text=Act:%20a%20law%20created%20and,legislators;%20also%20called%20Subordinate%20Legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> https:\/\/libguides.kpu.ca\/law\/legislation#:~:text=Act:%20a%20law%20created%20and,legislators;%20also%20called%20Subordinate%20Legislation<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Queen\u2019s University Library. (2025, March 13). <em>Canadian legal research manual: Introduction to Canadian legislation<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.queensu.ca\/legal-research-manual\/legislation-introduction#:~:text=Statutory%20Law,Act%2C%20and%20many%20others\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/guides.library.queensu.ca\/legal-research-manual\/legislation-introduction#:~:text=Statutory%20Law,Act%2C%20and%20many%20others<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Department of Justice. (2021, June 4). <em>The <\/em>Criminal Code<em> of Canada<\/em>. Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Electronic Communications. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/ccc\/index.html#:~:text=The%20Criminal%20Code%20is%20called,Act%20respecting%20the%20Criminal%20Law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/csj-sjc\/ccc\/index.html#:~:text=The%20Criminal%20Code%20is%20called,Act%20respecting%20the%20Criminal%20Law<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ervine, C. (2023, February 28). Substance versus procedure. <em>Business law and ethics<\/em> (Canadian ed.). <a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/buslawandethicscanada\/chapter\/substance-versus-procedure\/#:~:text=Substantive%20rules%20prescribe%20how%20to,Next:%20Public%20vs%20Private%20Law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/buslawandethicscanada\/chapter\/substance-versus-procedure\/#:~:text=Substantive%20rules%20prescribe%20how%20to,Next:%20Public%20vs%20Private%20Law<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Justice Laws Website. (2025, March 18). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada,\u00a0<\/em>Criminal Code. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/c-46\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/c-46\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Department of Justice. (2024, May 10). <em>Restitution orders<\/em>. Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Electronic Communications. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/cj-jp\/victims-victimes\/factsheets-fiches\/restitution-dedommage.html\">https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/cj-jp\/victims-victimes\/factsheets-fiches\/restitution-dedommage.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services. (2025, March 28). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada, administrative monetary penalties (<\/em>Canada Labour Code<em>) regulations<\/em>. Administrative Monetary Penalties (Canada Labour Code) Regulations. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/regulations\/SOR-2020-260\/page-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/regulations\/SOR-2020-260\/page-1.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Ontario Justice Education Network. (2013). <em>In brief: Common law and civil law<\/em>. OJEN. <a href=\"https:\/\/ojen.ca\/en\/download\/in-brief-common-law-and-civil-law\/#:~:text=When%20judges%20create%20new%20law,\u2019%20in%20judge%2Dmade%20law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ojen.ca\/en\/download\/in-brief-common-law-and-civil-law\/#:~:text=When%20judges%20create%20new%20law,\u2019%20in%20judge%2Dmade%20law<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Environmental Law Centre. (2021, January 22). <em>The court and tribunal system in Alberta &#8211; Alberta environmental laws 101<\/em>. Alberta Environmental Laws 101 &#8211; Environmental law for teachers and students in Alberta. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.albertaenvirolaws.ca\/fundamentals-of-law\/court-tribunal-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.albertaenvirolaws.ca\/fundamentals-of-law\/court-tribunal-system\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Alberta. (2025). <em>Employment standards \u2013 rules<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/alberta-employment-standards-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/alberta-employment-standards-rules<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Employment and Social Development. (2025, January 17). <em>Government of Canada<\/em>. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace\/federal-labour-standards.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/jobs\/workplace\/federal-labour-standards.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Alberta. (2025). <em>Family law legislation<\/em>. Alberta.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/family-law-legislation#:~:text=Alberta\u2019s%20Family%20Law%20Act%20contains,the%20guardians%20of%20a%20child\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/family-law-legislation#:~:text=Alberta\u2019s%20Family%20Law%20Act%20contains,the%20guardians%20of%20a%20child<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Dias, L. (2017). <em>2.1 federal and provincial jurisdiction in Canada<\/em>. Introduction to Human Resource Management First Canadian Edition. <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/hrm1stcanadianedition\/chapter\/2-1federal-and-provincial-jurisdiction-in-canada\/#:~:text=In%20Canada%2C%20there%20are%20two,as%20Canada\u2019s%20constitution%20until%201982\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/hrm1stcanadianedition\/chapter\/2-1federal-and-provincial-jurisdiction-in-canada\/#:~:text=In%20Canada%2C%20there%20are%20two,as%20Canada\u2019s%20constitution%20until%201982<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Reuters, T. (2013). <em>Glossary: Practical law<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/ca.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com\/Glossary\/CAPracticalLaw\/Ibee79c31c77911eabea4f0dc9fb69570?transitionType=Default&amp;contextData=%28sc.Default%29&amp;firstPage=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ca.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com\/Glossary\/CAPracticalLaw\/Ibee79c31c77911eabea4f0dc9fb69570?transitionType=Default&amp;contextData=%28sc.Default%29&amp;firstPage=true<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Legislative Services Branch. (2025, March 28). <em>Consolidated federal laws of Canada, the Constitution Acts 1867 to 1982<\/em>. Legislative Services Branch. <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/const\/page-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/const\/page-1.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Environment and Climate Change. (2020, March 19). <em>Government of Canada<\/em>. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/corporate\/transparency\/briefing-materials\/corporate-book\/jurisdiction-duties-authorities.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/corporate\/transparency\/briefing-materials\/corporate-book\/jurisdiction-duties-authorities.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada. (2021, October 5). <em>The federation at a glance<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/intergovernmental-affairs\/services\/federation\/distribution-legislative-powers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/intergovernmental-affairs\/services\/federation\/distribution-legislative-powers.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Government of Canada. 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(n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawcentralalberta.ca\/en\/statutes-and-regulations#:~:text=Statutes%20are%20laws%20made%20by,is%20assigned%20within%20that%20Act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.lawcentralalberta.ca\/en\/statutes-and-regulations#:~:text=Statutes%20are%20laws%20made%20by,is%20assigned%20within%20that%20Act<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Canada, E. and C. C. (2019, September 26). Government of Canada. Canada.ca. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/services\/species-risk-public-registry\/regulations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/services\/species-risk-public-registry\/regulations.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Emond Publishing Inc. (n.d.). <em>Glossary of legal terms<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/emond.ca\/Customer-Care\/Glossary-of-legal-terms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/emond.ca\/Customer-Care\/Glossary-of-legal-terms<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Research guides: Canadian Legal Research Manual: Legal Encyclopedias. Legal Encyclopedias &#8211; Canadian Legal Research Manual &#8211; Research Guides at Queen\u2019s University Library. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/guides.library.queensu.ca\/legal-research-manual\/legal-encyclopedias\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/guides.library.queensu.ca\/legal-research-manual\/legal-encyclopedias<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_335_632\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_335_632\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Regulations are legally binding rules that explain how statutes are applied in practice (LawCentral Alberta, n.d.). The authority to create regulations is granted within the Act itself. Regulations carry the full power of law.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_335_633\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_335_633\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An enabling statute is a law that grants authority for regulations to be created under it (Queen\u2019s University Library, 2025). It provides the legal foundation for subordinate legislation.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_335_634\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_335_634\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>also known as delegated legislation, refers to legal rules or regulations made under the authority of a statute (Kwantlen Polytechnic University Library, 2025; Queen\u2019s University Library, 2025).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_335_635\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_335_635\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the formal process by which laws are approved and put into effect (Justice Laws Website, 2025).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_335_636\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_335_636\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>a general term that is used to refer to laws, regulations and other official rules created by government bodies (Kwantlen Polytechnic University Library, 2025).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_335_637\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_335_637\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Codification refers to the process of systematically organizing and consolidating laws into a formal legal code. In Canada, laws are often codified by subject, such as the <em>Criminal Code<\/em> (Department of Justice, 2021).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_335_638\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_335_638\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>To repeal a law means to formally revoke or nullify it, removing its legal effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_335_639\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_335_639\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>are volumes of statutes that are accompanying commentary and case notes, written section by section of the statute, they often include relevant regulations throughout the commentary (LibGuides: Legal Research and Writing: Annotated Statutes, n.d.). Annotated statutes serve as a secondary resource.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_335_640\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_335_640\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>provides the purpose or intent behind the law.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_335_641\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_335_641\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>refers to what subsequent court decisions have said about a particular case. It also refers to what cases have said about statutes and sections of a statute (LibGuides: Legal Research and Writing: Judicial Treatment, n.d.).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_335_642\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_335_642\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The fundamental principle of statutory interpretation is that \u201cthe words of a statute be read in their entire context and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of the legislature\u201d (Principles of Interpretation - Criminal Law Notebook, n.d.).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":92,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Statutes and Regulations","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["cristina-henke","mariam-barbar","megan-rowe"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[76,77,78],"license":[],"class_list":["post-335","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-cristina-henke","contributor-mariam-barbar","contributor-megan-rowe"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/335","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/92"}],"version-history":[{"count":94,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/335\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1020,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/335\/revisions\/1020"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/335\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=335"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=335"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=335"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/legalresearchforparalegalsandlegalassistants\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=335"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}