{"id":1235,"date":"2024-04-08T13:59:19","date_gmt":"2024-04-08T17:59:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/?post_type=back-matter&p=1235"},"modified":"2024-07-01T16:50:25","modified_gmt":"2024-07-01T20:50:25","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/back-matter\/glossary\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary","rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"raw":"","rendered":"
\n
abstract<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A brief overview of a research project, which describes the participants or units of observation, the design, the procedures, and the main findings in no more than 250 words.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

accretion measures<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Patterns of selective use and non-use based on accumulation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

action research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Social research carried out by a team that encompasses a professional action researcher and the members of an organization, community, or network (stakeholders) who are seeking to improve the participants\u2019 situation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

active listening<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A technique in which the interviewer demonstrates an understanding of what is being said and expressed through appropriate feedback.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

alteration of documentation of informed consent<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An informed consent discussion that takes place with each participant in the setting in lieu of a signed informed consent statement.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

anonymity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A state of being unknown. In the case of research, this means a researcher cannot link any individual response to its originator.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

applied research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Scientific research that is conducted to address a problem or issue.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

archives<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Historical documents, records, or collections detailing the activities of businesses, agencies, institutions, governments, groups, or individuals.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

attitude questions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Questions designed to measure points of view toward an attitude object, such as a person or an event.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

audit trails<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Attempts made by a researcher to carefully document the research process in its entirety.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

authority<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A source of information that is perceived to possess specialized knowledge.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

basic experimental design<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An experimental design that includes random assignment, an experimental and a control group, the manipulation of an independent variable, and a post-test measurement of the dependent variable.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

basic research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Scientific research that is conducted to advance knowledge.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

behaviour questions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Questions designed to find out more about the respondent\u2019s activities.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

beneficence<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A moral principle outlining that in the planning and conducting of research with human participants, the researcher maximizes the possible benefits and minimizes the potential harms from the research.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

between-subjects design<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A type of design in which the experimental group is exposed to only one level of the independent variable.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

case study<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Research on a small number of individuals or an organization carried out over an extended period.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

classic experimental design<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An experimental design that includes random assignment, an experimental and a control group, a pre-test measure of a dependent variable, the manipulation of an independent variable, and a post-test measure of the same dependent variable.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

closed-ended question<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A question prompting an answer selected from a pre-determined set of responses provided.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

closing questions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Questions used to bring closure to the interview by re-establishing distance between the interviewer and interviewee.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

cluster sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A probability-based method for selecting groups for a sample, based on their geographic location.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

codebook<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A detailed listing of how each variable is coded in the data set, along with information on the methodology underlying the original study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

coding<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process of transforming raw data into a standardized form.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

cohort study<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Research on the same category of people carried out at multiple points in time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

common sense<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Practical knowledge based on adaptive forms of prior learning.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

complete observer<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A participant observation role in which the researcher covertly observes a group but is not a group member and does not participate in any way.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

complete participation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A covert participant observation role in which the researcher systematically observes a group as a full member whose identity and research purpose is unknown to the group members.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI)<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A telephone-based interview method in which the interviewer inputs survey responses directly into a software program.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

concepts<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Abstract mental representations of important elements in our social world.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

conceptualization<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process where a researcher explains what a concept means in terms of a research project.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

concern for welfare<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Steps taken to protect the welfare of research participants, in terms of both harm and other foreseeable risks associated with participation in a given study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

confidence interval<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An estimated range that is likely to contain the true population value based on the sample value.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

confidentiality<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process of maintaining privacy. In research, this means even when a participant\u2019s identity is known to the researcher, steps are taken to make sure it is not made public.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

construct<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Intangible idea that does not exist independent of our thinking.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

construct validity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Assesses the extent to which an instrument is associated with other logically related measures of the intended construct.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

content analysis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A repertoire of methods that allow researchers to make inferences from all kinds of verbal, pictorial, symbolic, and communication data.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

content validity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Assesses the extent to which an instrument contains the full range of content pertaining to the intended construct.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

context<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A complicated notion that locates and explains action-interaction within a background of conditions and anticipated consequences.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

contingency question<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A question prompting additional information about a previous item identified as relevant for the respondent.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

continuous real-time measurement<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An observation-based data coding method in which every separate and distinct instance of a variable is recorded during a set observation period.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

control group<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The group that does not experience the independent variable in an experiment.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

convenience sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A non-probability method used to obtain a sample based on availability.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

convergent design<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A mixed-method design in which qualitative and quantitative methods are employed concurrently, with independent data collection and analysis compared in the final interpretation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

cost-benefit analysis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A method for assessing the overall costs incurred by a program relative to outcome measures.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

coverage error<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A type of error that results when the list from which sample members are drawn does not accurately represent the population on the characteristic(s) one wants to estimate with the survey data.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

credibility<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An assessment of the goodness of fit between the respondent\u2019s view of reality and a researcher\u2019s representation of it.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

criterion validity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Assesses the extent to which an instrument holds up to an external standard, such as the ability to predict future events.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

critical paradigm<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A worldview that is critical of paradigms that fail to acknowledge the role of power in the creation of knowledge and that is aimed at bringing about empowering change.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

cross-sectional research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Research conducted at a single point in time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

cultural relativism<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The principle that people\u2019s beliefs and activities should be understood and interpreted within the context of their own culture.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

data<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Information gathered through research techniques.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

data format<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The statistical format in which data are saved or stored.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

data structure<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The number and organizational nature of distinct files that compose a data collection and the relationship among those data.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

data triangulation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The reliance on multiple data sources in a single study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

debriefing<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The full disclosure and exchange of information that occurs upon completion of a study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

decolonization<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A process of conducting research in such a way that the worldview of those who have suffered a long history of oppression and marginalization are given space to communicate from their frames of reference.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

deductive reasoning<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A theory-driven approach that typically concludes with empirical generalizations based on research findings.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

demographic questions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Questions designed to collect facts about a respondent\u2019s age, race\/ethnicity, education, job, gender, marital status, geographic place of residence, type of residence, size of family, and so on.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

dependability<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An assessment of the researcher\u2019s process as well documented and verifiable.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

dependent variable<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The variable that is measured in an experiment and is the outcome.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

descriptive research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Research undertaken to identify the main traits or characteristics of a population or phenomenon of interest.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

digital media<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

All computer-mediated internet and digitally enabled media through which data can be collected, shared, and analyzed.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

disproportionate sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A sampling method used deliberately to obtain a different ratio of relevant characteristics than what exists in the population.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

double-barrelled question<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A question prompting a single answer to a combination of questions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

empirical methods<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Data collection techniques carried out using systematic procedures which are widely recognized by other researchers and produce verifiable findings.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

encoding<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A data-reduction method used to simplify observations by using categorizations.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

erosion measures<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Patterns of selective use based on wear.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

essential questions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Questions that exclusively concern the central focus of the study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

ethics<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Conduct that is considered \u201cmorally right\u201d or \u201cmorally wrong,\u201d as specified by codified and culturally ingrained principles, constraints, rules, and guidelines.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

ethnographers<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Social scientists who undertake research and writing about groups of people by systematically observing and participating (to a greater or lesser degree) in the lives of the people they study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

ethnography<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A multi-method approach to field research that is used to study a social group or culture in its natural setting over time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

evaluation research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Research undertaken to assess whether a program or policy is effective in reaching its desired goals and objectives.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

exhaustive<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Comprehensive enough to include all likely responses.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

experience<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

First-hand observations or recollections of first-hand events that serve as sources of knowledge.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

experiment<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A research method in which a researcher manipulates an independent variable to examine its effects on a dependent variable.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

experimental group<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The group that experiences the independent variable in an experiment.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

experimental mortality<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The course of participant drop-out over time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

experimenter bias<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The tendency for researchers to influence the behaviour of research participants in a manner that favours the outcomes they anticipate.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

explanatory design<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A mixed-method design which a quantitative method is employed first and then the findings are followed up on using a qualitative method.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

explanatory research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Research undertaken to clarify the variation found between groups on some dimension of interest.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

exploratory design<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A mixed-method design in which a qualitative method is employed first and then the findings are used to help develop a subsequent quantitative-method\u2013based phase.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

exploratory research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Research undertaken to find out more about an area of interest.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

external validity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The generalizability of an experimental effect.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

extra questions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Questions roughly equivalent to essential ones that are used to assess reliability.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

face validity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Assesses the extent to which an instrument appears to be a good measure of the intended construct.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

field experiment<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A naturally occurring experiment that takes place in a real-life setting.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

field notes<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Detailed records about what a researcher hears, sees, experiences, and thinks about while immersed in the social setting.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

figures<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Charts or graphs used to display results based on how a variable is measure.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

final question<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The last interview question, in the form of a general inquiry to determine if the participant has any questions about the study or further comments to make.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

focus group<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A small discussion group led by a skilled interviewer that is designed to obtain views and feelings about a topic of interest through group interaction.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

follow-up questions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Questions specific to comments made that are used to clarify main ideas.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

garbology<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The study of behaviour based on the analysis of waste.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

gatekeepers<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

People who have power to grant or deny permission to do a study in the field.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

graffiti<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A form of visual communication, usually illegal, involving the unauthorized marking of public space by an individual or group.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

grounded theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Theory discovered from the systematic observation and analysis of data.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

history<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Changes in the dependent measure attributed to external events outside of the experiment.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

hypothesis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A testable statement that contains at least two variables.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

icebreaker<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An opening question that is used specifically to establish rapport.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

illogical reasoning<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Faulty decision making based on a failure consider the most appropriate sources of information.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

imprecise observations<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Everyday errors made as a function of our limited ability to perceive, store, and later accurately recall information.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

independent evaluation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An evaluation that is headed up by a researcher who is not a primary stakeholder for the program under consideration.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

independent variable<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment and is presumed to be the cause of some outcome.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

index<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A composite measure of a construct comprising several different indicators that produce a shared outcome.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

indicator<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A measurable quantity that in some sense stands for or substitutes for something less readily measurable.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Indigenous knowledges<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Diverse learning processes that come from living intimately with the land and working with the resources surrounding the land base and the relationships that it has fostered over time and place.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

inductive reasoning<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A bottom-up approach beginning with observations and ending with the discovery of patterns and themes informed by theory.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

informed consent<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A process where potential participants are provided with all relevant details of the study needed to make a knowledgeable judgment about whether to participate in it.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

instrumentation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Differences produced by changes in the way the dependent variable is measured.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

inter-item reliability<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Demonstrated associations among multiple items representing a single concept.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

inter-rater reliability<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Consistency between the same measures for a variable of interest provided by two independent raters.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

internal validity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The capacity to demonstrate an experimental effect and to rule out rival explanations for that effect.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

interpretive paradigm<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A worldview that rests on the assumption that reality is socially constructed and must be understood from the perspective of those experiencing it.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

interval level of measurement<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A level of measurement in which the distance between categories of the variable of interest is meaningful.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

interview guide<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A series of key questions that provide the framework for an interview.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

justice<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A moral principle of rightness claiming that in the course of research, researchers behave and make decisions in a manner that demonstrates social responsibility in relation to the distribution of harm versus benefits.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

key insider<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A member of the setting who is willing to act as a guide or assistant within the setting.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

knowledge questions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Questions designed to gauge whether respondents can retrieve and correctly report on facts about some area of interest.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

latent content<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Implied meaning inferred by the message.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

longitudinal research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Research conducted at multiple points in time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

macro level<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The level of broader social forces.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

manifest content<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Content stated in the message itself.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

maturation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Changes in the dependent measure that result from naturally occurring processes within the research participants themselves over the period of treatment.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

member checks<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Attempts made by a researcher to validate findings by testing them with the original sources of the data.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

micro level<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The level of individual experiences and choices.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

mixed-methods approach<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A research design that includes an explicit combination of qualitative and quantitative methods as framed by the research objectives.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

moderator<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A trained facilitator used in focus group research who guides the focus group discussion.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

multiple-case design<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A case study strategy that focuses on two or more persons, organizations, events, or programs selected for the explicit purpose of comparison.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

mutually exclusive<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Response categories are separate and distinct from each other.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

needs assessment<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A systematic evaluation focused on improving an existing condition through the identification of a problem and a means for addressing it.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

negative question<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A question comprising the negative form of a statement.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

nominal level of measurement<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A level of measurement used to classify cases.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

non-probability sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A method in which the chance of selection of an individual or element in the population is unknown.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

non-response error<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The difference between the estimate produced when only some of the sampled units respond compared to when all of them respond.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Nuremberg Code<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A set of ethical directives for human experimentation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

observer as participant<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An overt participant observation role in which the researcher systematically observes a group but is not a group member and only interacts indirectly with the group.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

one-shot case study<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A quasi-experimental design lacking a control group, in which one group is examined following a treatment.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

open-ended questions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A question prompting any response deemed appropriate in the participant\u2019s own words.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

operationalization<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process whereby a concept or construct is defined so precisely that it can be measured.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

order effects<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Differences in the dependent variable that result from the order in which the independent variable is presented.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

ordinal level of measurement<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A level of measurement used to order cases along some dimension of interest.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

overgeneralization<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The tendency to assume the existence of a general pattern based on a limited number of observed cases.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

panel study<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Research on the same unit of analysis carried out at multiple points in time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

paradigm<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A theoretical perspective including a set of assumptions about reality that guide research questions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

participant as observer<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An overt participant-observation role in which the researcher systematically observes a group by becoming a group member to establish relationships and interact directly with the group.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

participant observation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A research method in which the researcher is actively involved with the group being observed over an extended period.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

participant reactivity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The tendency for research participants to act differently during a study simply because they are aware that they are participating in a research study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

peer debriefing<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Attempts made by a researcher to authenticate the research process and findings through an external review provided by an independent researcher.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

periodicals<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Publications that contain articles written by different authors and are released at regular intervals.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

physical traces<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The remnants, fragments, and products of past behaviour.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

population<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The total collection of all cases in which the researcher is interested and that [they wish] to understand better.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

positivist paradigm<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A worldview that upholds the importance of discovering truth through direct experience using empirical methods.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

pragmatic paradigm<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A worldview that rests on the assumption that reality is best understood in terms of the practical consequences of actions undertaken to solve problems.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

premature closure<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The tendency to stop searching for necessary observations due to an erroneous belief that the answer has already been determined.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

primary research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

First-hand data collection and data analysis that is undertaken to answer an original research question.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

private archives<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Personal records that are usually directed at a small known target or are produced only for use by the originating author.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

probability sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A method in which every individual or element in the population has a known chance of being selected.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

probes<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Questions used to motivate an interviewee to continue speaking or to elaborate on a topic.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

program evaluation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A systematic method for collecting and analyzing information used to answer questions about a program of interest.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

public archives<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Public records that are prepared specifically to be examined by others.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

purposive sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A non-probability method in which a researcher uses a combination of techniques to obtain all possible cases that possess the desired characteristics of the population of interest.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

qualitative interview<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A technique used to understand the world from the subjects\u2019 point of view, to unfold the meaning of their experiences, and to uncover the world prior to scientific explanations.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

qualitative research method<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A technique that seeks to explore, interpret, explain, or evaluate a phenomenon of interest and produces non-numerical data.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

quantitative research method<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A technique that seeks to describe, explain, or evaluate a phenomenon of interest and produces numerical data.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

quasi-experimental designs<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An experimental design that lacks one or more of the basic features of a true experiment, including random assignment or a control group.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

questionnaire<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A survey data collection instrument consisting of a series of questions or items to which a respondent provides responses containing the information of interest to the researcher.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

quota sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A non-probability method used to obtain a similar proportion of some characteristic of interest in a sample as exists in the population.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

random assignment<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A method for assigning cases in which chance alone determines receipt of the experimental manipulation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

random digit dialing<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A technique used to generate a random sample of phone numbers from a sampling frame created using the assigned area codes for a given location.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

random errors<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Measurement miscalculation due to unpredictable mistakes.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

rate of response<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The percentage of those sampled for whom data are collected.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

ratio level of measurement<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An interval level of measurement with an absolute zero.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

reflexivity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A self-reflection process in which researchers consider the ways in which their own subjectivities may have influenced the research outcomes.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

regression<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Differences produced by the tendency for extreme scores to become less extreme.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

reliability<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Consistency in measurement.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

representative sample<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A sample with the same aggregate characteristics as the population from which it was selected.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

research design<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The plan or blueprint for a study, outlining the who, what, where, when, why, and how of an investigation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

research ethics<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An array of considerations that arise in relation to the morally responsible treatment of humans in research.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

research ethics board<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A committee whose mandate is to review the ethical acceptability of research on behalf of the institution, including approving, rejecting, proposing modifications to, or terminating any proposed or ongoing research involving humans.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

research methods<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Techniques for carrying out research to answer questions of interest.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

research proposal<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A comprehensive plan created in advance of carrying out research that details what the purpose of the project is and what the process will be for obtaining data.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

research report<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A detailed account, following research, that describes the research interest, questions or hypotheses addressed, methods used, and findings from the study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

respect for human dignity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A value necessitating that research involving humans be conducted in a manner that is sensitive to the inherent worth of all human beings and the respect and consideration that they are due.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

respect for persons<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A moral principle stressing that researchers respect the human participants in their investigations as persons of worth whose participation is a matter of their autonomous choice.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

rigour<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A means for demonstrating integrity and competence in qualitative research.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

sample<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A subset of the population of interest that comprises the unit of analysis in a study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The technique or process used to acquire the unit of analysis from a population of interest.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

sampling error<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

sampling frame<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The complete list of individuals or elements making up the population.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

sampling interval<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The fixed interval used to select every nth case listed after a random starting point is obtained.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

scale<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A composite measure of a construct consisting of several different indicators that stem from a common cause.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

secondary analysis of existing data<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Examination of data originally collected by someone other than the researcher for a different purpose.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

secondary research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The summation or analysis of research already collected by others.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

selection<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Methods used to obtain groups that can result in differences prior to the experimental manipulation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

selection by maturation interaction<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A combined effect of maturation and initial differences in the groups at the onset of the study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

selection by treatment interaction<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A threat to external validity produced by the self-selection of participants susceptible to the independent variable.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

selective deposit<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A bias resulting from the greater likelihood of establishing certain physical traces over others.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

selective observation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The tendency to assume a general pattern exists based on factors other than objective frequency.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

selective survival<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A bias resulting from the greater likelihood of certain physical traces persisting over time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

semi-structured interview<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A somewhat flexible interview format in which main questions are prepared ahead of time but the questions can be modified or clarified based on participant feedback.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

simple random sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A probability-based method used to obtain individuals or cases that make up a sample, based on chance alone.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

single-case design<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A case study strategy that focuses on only one person, organization, event, or program as the unit of analysis, as emphasized by the research objectives.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

snowball sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A non-probability method used to obtain a sample based on one available case, followed by associated referrals.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

social domain personal archive<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Personal information that is posted to public arenas using social media such as Facebook or Twitter.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

social research<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A process in which people combine a set of principles, outlooks, and ideas with a collection of specific practices, techniques, and strategies to produce knowledge.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

social research question<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A question about the social world that is answered through the collection and analysis of first-hand, verifiable, empirical data.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

split-half reliability<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Consistency between both halves of the measure for a variable of interest.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

stakeholders<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An individual, group, or organization that is directly or indirectly involved with or impacted by the program of interest.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

static group comparison<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A quasi-experimental design lacking random assignment in which two groups are compared following a treatment.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

step-wise consent process<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A consent process that takes place in stages following the establishment of relationships within a group.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

stratified sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A probability-based method used to obtain a sample, based on known population characteristics.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

structured observation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A quantitative approach in which behaviour is observed and coded using pre-determined categories.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

survey<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An information collection method used to describe, compare, or explain individual and societal knowledge, feelings, values, preferences, and behaviours.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

survey interview<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A highly structured data collection method consisting of a series of prescribed questions or items asked by an interviewer who records the answers provided by the respondent.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

systematic errors<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Miscalculation due to consistently inaccurate measures or intentional bias.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

systematic sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A probability-based method used to obtain a sample based on a fixed interval representing every nth case listed.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

tables<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Summaries of main findings from quantitative research, such as the percentage of respondents who gave answers in each category of a variable on a questionnaire or the differences in means between groups on dependent measures.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

test-retest reliability<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Consistency between the same measures for a variable of interest taken at two different points in time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

testing<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Changes in the dependent measure that result from experience gained on the pre-test.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

theoretical frameworks<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A perspective based on core assumptions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

theoretical sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A concept-driven method for obtaining data used in qualitative research.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A set of propositions intended to explain a fact or phenomenon.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

throw-away questions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Questions unrelated to the research topic that are used to take breaks in the conversation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

time-interval sampling<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An observation-based data coding method in which variables are recorded at the end of each set time interval throughout a set observation period.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

time-series study<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Research on different units of analysis carried out at multiple points in time.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

tradition<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A familiar compilation of beliefs and practices passed down from one generation to the next.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

transcription<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A data-entry process in which the obtained verbal information is transferred verbatim into text.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

transition statement<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Statements that move the conversation into the essential questions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

triangulation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The use of multiple methods or sources to help establish rigour.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

unit of analysis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The object of investigation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

unobtrusive research methods<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Strategies in which the researcher examines evidence of people\u2019s behaviour or attitudes rather than interacting directly with those being studied.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

unstructured interview<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A highly flexible interview format based on questions that develop during the interaction as a result of participant feedback.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

validity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The extent to which a study examines what it intends to.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

variable<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A categorical concept for properties of people or events that can differ and change.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

virtual ethnography<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An in-depth study of a group or culture that exists in an online environment.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

visual ethnography<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Representations of culture as depicted in photographs and film documentaries.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

within-subjects design<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A type of design in which the experimental group is exposed to all possible levels of the independent variable.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[38],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1235","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry","back-matter-type-glossary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1235","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1235\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1237,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1235\/revisions\/1237"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1235\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1235"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=1235"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1235"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbooks.macewan.ca\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1235"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}